Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Ambiguity -- Rappaccinis Daughter Es

The Ambiguity in â€Å"The Rappaccini’s Daughter†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The literary critics agree that there is considerable ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† This essay intends to illustrate this statement and to analyze the cause of this ambiguity.    Henry James in Hawthorne mentions how Hawthorne’s allegorical meanings should be expressed clearly:    I frankly confess that I have, as a general thing, but little enjoyment of it, and that it has never seemed to me to be, as it were, a first-rate literary form. . . . But it is apt to spoil two good things – a story and a moral, a meaning and a form; and the taste for it is responsible for a large part of the forcible-feeding writing that has been inflicted upon the world. The only cases in which it is endurable is when it is extremely spontaneous, when the analogy presents itself with eager promptitude. When it shows signs of having been groped and fumbled for, the needful illusion is of course absent, and the failure complete. Then the machinery alone is visible and the end to which it operates becomes a matter of indifference (50).    When one has to grope for, and fumble for, the meaning of a tale, then there is â€Å"failure† in the work, as Henry James says. This unfortunately is the case of â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† It is so ambiguous in so many occasions in the tale that a blur rather than a distinct image forms in the mind of the reader. The Norton Anthology: American Literature states in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne†:    Above all, his theme was curiosity about the recesses of other men’s and women’s beings. About this theme he was always ambivalent [my italics], for he knew that his success as a writer depended upon his keen psychologi... ...WORKS CITED    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id="HawRapp"&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public    James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.    Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Fawcett Premier, 1966.    Lang, H.J.. â€Å"How Ambiguous Is Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.   

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn Essay -- Hazardous Materia

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn In the bright, clear, spring morning of April 16, 1947, an event occurred in the Texas City Harbor in Texas City. To the survivors of this disaster, what happened on that Sunday morning was like the end of the world. Sadly, to those who did not make it, this indeed became the end of their world. This event that brings unforgettable painful memories from 50 years ago is referred to as the Texas City disaster. It all began with the French cargo ship, S.S. Grandcamp, a 437-foot ship that arrived at Texas City Harbor on April 11, 1947. Upon arrival, the Grandcamp was already loaded with 16 cases of small arms ammunition, 59000 bales of sisal binder twine, 380 bales of cotton, 9334 bags of shelled peanuts and some oil field, refrigeration and farm machinery. Over the next few days, bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, shipped from Nebraska via rail by TCT (Texas City Terminal Railway company) were being loaded onto the ship. By the morning of April 16, 1947, No. 2 hold had 1420 tons of ammonium nitrate while No. 4 had 880 tons. At 8 am that morning, a longshoreman smelled smoke coming out of hold No. 4. He alertly notified his co-workers and they moved several bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and found flames between the cargo and the hull. They tried putting out the fire with a jug of drinking water and fire extinguisher but their effort ended in vain while the flame got worse. Some crewmembers started hauling boxes of arm ammunition out of hold No. 5 (to avoid explosion!) In hold No. 4, some crewmembers called for a hose line to distinguish the fire but the ship captain, Charles de Guillebon, interfered because he did not want water to ruin his precious cargo. Instead, he or... ...gineer in the chemical plant is not like to be committed again. 50 years and 6 months after the Texas City disaster, a lot of changes has been made to ensure the safety of handling hazardous material due to the disaster. It was a wake up call for people around the world to look deeply into the safety issues and for government to assume an active role in enforcing those issues. For the residents in Texas City who decided to stay and rebuild after the disaster, it was more than a wake up call for safety. It was a painful memory that made people even stronger. It was a call for the community to come together and make Texas city a major industrial center again. It was a joint effort to make Texas City a better and safer place to live. However, watch out! No place is safe enough and Texas City disaster can very well strike again somewhere around the world today!

Brave New World :: essays research papers

The Loss of Individuality The peak of a writer’s career should exhibit their most profound works of literature. In the case of Aldous Huxley, Brave New World is by far his most renowned novel. Aldous Huxley is a European-born writer who, in the midst of his career, moved to the United States and settled in California. While in California, he began to have visions aided by his usage of hallucinatory drugs. His visions were of a utopian society surviving here on earth. In his literature, Huxley wanted to make this utopian society as much a reality as possible. "In framing an ideal we may assume what we wish, but should avoid impossibilities." This quote, written by Aristotle, perfectly describes Huxley’s attitude towards the creation of his imaginary utopia. His only problem was establishing a value system that would not seem too unattainable. Huxley has two novels that have the theme of utopia, Brave New World and Island. Brave New World , which was written bef ore Island , has ideas that are quite far-fetched, but in Huxley’s eyes, still close to reality. Huxley’s first portrait of utopia involves having a controlled society of people all being alike. The year is A.F. 632 (After Ford; Ford is the equivalent to God in Brave New World ) and with the available technology, citizens are mass produced. Island is a product of the rethinking of Huxley’s utopia. The ideas are a lot more real because the people are just ordinary human beings. Both of these novels have an underlying theme in common. The stability of Huxley’s utopian societies are centered around the loss of individualism. Individuals are considered a threat in Huxley’s utopian novels. In the novel Island, the utopian society is on a small island, named Pala. The leader of the utopian society, Murugan, is an individual apart from the community. His plans are to modernize and charge the way the people of Pala live. The reason he has thoughts that are different from the rest of the community is that he was raised outside of Pala. He grew up in Switzerland and the neighboring island Rendag, both of which have been modernized and corrupted by the outside world. Therefore, Murugan’s mind has been corrupted by his staying in those two places. "Pala is thus threatened by the outside world," explains critic Frank Magill, because Murugan is introducing the modern way of life to this small island and it is damaging the stability of the community.

Business: Marketing and Soft Drink Industry Essay

Q. 1 How would you characterize the dip category in general? Q. 2 How might the dip category be segmented? Q. 3 What is Frito Lays Competitive Position within the segments it pursues? Q. 4 What sales volume and market share(s) will be required of the dip line to preserve its profit contribution given budgeted promotion expenses? Q. 5 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"chip dip† segment? Q. 6 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"vegetable dip segment? Additional Suggested Readings for this case: a) Edward M. Tauber, (1988) â€Å"Brand Leverage: Strategy for Growth in a Cost-controlled World† Journal of Advertising Research, Sept-Oct, pp. 26-30 b) Peter H. Farquhar et. al. (1992) â€Å"Strategies for Leveraging Master Brands†, Marketing Research, Sept. , pp. 32-43. ******************************* Ch. 5 : Proctor and Gamble, Inc: Scope : Pg. 173 Q. 1 What significant changes have occurred in the Canadian mouthwash market in the last three years? Q. 2 How would you evaluate the performance of scope in the past three years? Q. 3 What are the pros and cons of the options available for scope? Q. 4 Prepare a Marketing plan for the forthcoming year. ******************************* Ch. 6 : Cadbury Beverages, Inc: Crush brand : Pg 249 Q. 1 How would you characterize the carbonated soft drink industry in the US? Q. 2 How would you describe the changes in the orange category during the period 1985 to 1989? What can be learned from these changes? Q. 3 What is Cadbury Beverages relative competitive position in the U. S. soft drink industry? In the orange categody? Q. 4 Based on your assessment of the soft drink industry, the orange flavored category, and the competitive situation of Cadbury beverages and orange crush, what is your recommendation for positioning orange CRUSH? Q. 5 What objectives should be set for CRUSH advertising and promotion program? What strategies should be pursued? Q. 6 How much should be spent for advertising and promotion to relaunch orange CRUSH? Extra Clues For Case Analysis: 1) Do not overlook the actual size of the orange category. Remember the total market is 2. 5 times supermarket volume. Further, Do not overlook the notion of â€Å"served market†. This is important since orange CRUSH has the lowest (bottler) market coverage of the major competitors. 2) Your recommendations relating to positioning and advertising / promotion programs should be rationally thought out based on careful articulation of industry and product-market dynamics, competitive behavior, and the concentrate producer price-cost structure. ******************************* Ch. 7 : Dell Computer Corporation: The Higher Education Market : Pg 316 Q. 1 How would one characterize Dell Computer Corporation? Q. 2 From where does ESL Business Unit obtain its revenue? Q. 3 How would one describe the higher education market for computers? Q. 4 How well does Dell Computer’s marketing approach â€Å"fit† the higher education market? Q. 5 What should Dell Computer do and Why? ******************************* Ch. 8 : Southwest Airlines : Pg 393 Q. 1 How would you characterize the US Airline industry in the early 1990s Q. 2 How can the economics of the airline industry be used to explain the performance of individual airlines and the industry as a whole? Q. 3 How is it that Southwest Airlines has been able to consistently grow and prosper in the US passenger airline industry? Q. 4 How would you describe United’s goals, objectives and strategy for â€Å"Shuttle by United†? Q. 5 How has Southwest Airlines responded to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† initiative? What assessments can be made about Southwest’s market and financial position on competitive routes based on 1994 Fourth Quarter Results? Q. 6 Based on your assessments, how would you interpret United’s decision to a) discontinue â€Å"Shuttle by United† service for the Oakland-Ontario market, and b) raise the one-way walk up first class and coach fare on all 14 â€Å"Shuttle by United† routes by $10. 00? Q. 7 How should Southwest Airlines Respond, if at all, to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† decision to change its service and price? Why? ******************************* Ch. 9 : Amazon. com: Winning the Online Book Wars : pg 495 Q. 1 Amazon. com is a retailer. How, in general, do retailers generate revenues and profits and grow and compete? Q. 2 Describe the nature of competitive rivalry in e-commerce retailing for consumer products in early 1998. How do e-commerce retailers (e-tailers) compete, thrive and survive? Q. 3 How would you describe amazon. com’s customer value proposition, distinctive competency and core marketing strategy? Q. 4 Can amazon. com tweak its business model to make a profit on book sales in 1998? What can the company do? Q. 5 How can Amazon. com grow profitably? What strategy do you recommend for a two- to five- year horizon? ******************************* Ch. 10 : Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc: Rogain Hair Regrowth Treatment : Pg. 560 Q. 1 How would you characterize various treatments for balding? Why do people use these treatments? Q. 2 How effective is Rogaine as a treatment for balding and for whom? Q. 3 How will the buying process for non-prescription Rogaine differ from the buying process for prescription rogaine? Q. 4 Describe and explain the U. S. sales performance of Rogaine through 1995. Was the marketing objective of â€Å"maximizing† sales of Rogaine in the US market achieved? Q. 5 How realistic is the belief, expressed by Pharmacia & Upjohn Officials, that non-prescription Rogain (minoxidil) sales of $1 billion were possible over five years given the marketing program for the brand? Q. 6 How might the loss of U. S. patent protection and marketing exclusively enjoyed by Rogaine since its introduction and competition from generic products affect sales of the Rogaine brand? Q. 7 Will the U. S. marketing strategy developed for non-prescription Rogaine prior to the FDA’s recent rulings need to be modified? If so, how?

The Battle of Shiloh

The American civic War began on April 9, 1861, with the contest of Fort Sumter, between the northern United responsibilitys of America and the Southern collaborationist States of America. It was never too have until the action of battle of Pittsburgh Landing, win by the colligation, as to who had the speed hand, in the war between the fixs. The troth of Shiloh could easily be termed the number point for the brotherhood. It was at Shiloh the function of peace, that history witnessed unmatchedness of the bloodiest conflicts of the American cultivated war.It was also one of the nigh polemic battles, with General Ulysses naming taking the correspond for inadequate planning, which resulted in a carnage, that killed all over 10,000 soldiers on all side. The fighting of Shiloh, differently called the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, took place on April sixth and 7th, 1862, at Hardin County, Tennessee. commander Ulysses S yield and Don Carlos Buell led the sexual u nion, while Albert Sidney Johnston and P G T Beauregard led the henchmans.The shoemakers last of Johnston, in the course of the battle, is said to be a major factor interlockingherstructure the wedding victory. The married couple had the forces of westward Tennessee and Ohio with nearly 65,000 soldiers, while the assistants were backed by the Army of the Mississippi with around 45,000 soldiers. after the bloody and roughshod battle, the Union recognize that the war was not going to be easy. The essay will walk flock the historical lane and trace the events which mold the Battle of Shiloh. The commandersAbraham Lincon at one time said, I cannot foreswear the man. He fights. That to the highest degree sums up Commander Ulysses S commits character. He was the son of a hard-working scarerier family. pay fought his first battle, an un inflexible action against the confederates at Belmont, Missouri, in November 1861. cardinal months later, he caused Fort Donelson an d Fort hydrogen. naming was made a national flesh almost overnight, and he was nicknamed Unconditional forsake knuckle under. He brought the same enthusiasm to the Battle of Shiloh, except did not fare so well there.The high number of casualties was deemed needless and Grants decision-making powers were questioned. However he managed to defend himself and went on to become the eighteenth president of the USA (MSN Encarta, 2006). Everybody thought Albert Johnston the outstrip soldier in the country that was forwards the war. He had a gaudy locomote in the army after westside Point (1826). After nearly peacetime shirking he quit to care for his demise wife, then moved to Texas to start over.When Texas decided on independence he enlisted as a soldier and in a year he was commanding the livelong Texan forces. He was the second most senior officer in the Confederate forces. His immediate appoint manpowert was to secure and excogitate the western theater. He took the initi ative against the Union forces that had stopped to reorganize and resupply. Johnston led from the front but was shot in the process. It was his annoyance for the other wounded soldiers and a ignore for his avouch wounds, which caused him to bleed to death (ehistory, 2007).The weapons and methods uncomplete side fought the Battle of Shiloh with its soldiers gird with the most modern weapons available. In one of the few times during the American elegant War, the Union did not enjoy an wages of superior infantry weapons. There was no formal weapon system command and mesh function for either side. The infantry commanders controlled their own gas pedal or left its traffic up to the battery officers. This made massing gas pedal fires difficult.Massed fires of much than 25 cannon solo occurred three times during the battle. Two of the massed artillery firings proved decisive Ruggles bombardment at the Hornets Nest and Grants last business line at Pittsburg Landing. The artil lery officers for each side were inexperienced and assay to use antiquated Napoleonic tactics. The commmaders were mindful that half their soldiers were green, that their weapons were obsolete and that there was only any planning involved.The battle hinged on the element of surprise. twain the commanders felt they had a good chance of winning and if Grants army was not fortify overnight, the results of the battle could have been different (Gudmens, 1960). The article of belief used by this particular battle and that of the marine corps today is similar. Both use speed, surprise, and tough force to fulfill maximum impact with minimal expense of resources. (Santamaria, 2003) The battle reportThe foundation for the Battle of Shiloh was laid in February 1862, when a Union army-navy criminal offense succeeded in capturing Fort enthalpy and Fort Donelson, throttle respectively on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, near the Tennessee-Kentucky border. The fall of the two forts initiated a series of Union triumphs that left the alliance struggling for life. The Confederate defensive line across grey Kentucky immediately collapsed, and the southern forces retreated from northern Tennessee to Alabama and Mississippi.The capture of Fort Henry opened the Tennessee River to federal official penetration to the Alabama and Mississippi state lines. Forces under Major General Ulysses S Grant advanced south to Pittsburg Landing, located on the west bank of the Tennessee River, about twenty miles north of Corinth, Mississippi. That put Union forces dangerously close to the Confederacys most all-important(a) east-west railroad, the Memphis and Charleston line, which made a conjunction at Corinth with the north-south Mobile and Ohio.If the Union army, designated the Army of the Tennessee, captured Corinth, not only would the Federals control the railroad, but Memphis would likely fall and open several(prenominal) hundred miles of the Mississippi River to Union fo rces. By late March, Major General Henry W Halleck ordered Buell and his Army of the Ohio to reefer Grant for an offensive against Corinth. Meanwhile, the Confederates concentrated their forces at Corinth in order to stop the Union advance forward Buell could reinforce Grant.Their case culminated in the battle of Shiloh, named for the Shiloh Wesleyan Church, located near the Union bivouac (McDonough, 2002). After the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, was compel to fall back, self-aggrandizing up Kentucky and much of West and midway Tennessee. He chose Corinth, Mississippi, a major conveyance of title center, as the staging area for an offensive against Major General Ulysses S Grant and his Army of the Tennessee, before the Army of the Ohio, under Major General Don Carlos Buell, could join it.The Confederate retrenchment was a surprise, although a pleasant one, to the Union forces, and it took Grant, with about 40,000 men, some t ime to mount a southern offensive, along the Tennessee River, toward Pittsburg Landing. Grant received orders to carry Buells Army of the Ohio at Pittsburg Landing. Grant did not choose to fortify his location rather, he set about drilling his men many of whom were raw recruits. Johnston in the first place planned to attack Grant on April 4, but delays postponed it until the 6th.Johnston had been mortally wounded front and his second-in-command, General P G T Beauregard, took over (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). The Confederates, after being forced back from their first line, established a second along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, where they concentrated their armies. It was their intention to attack Grant before he was joined by Buell. The Confederates, after making a very smart attack, were compelled to retreat.The Memphis and Charleston Railroad was severed by Sherman and by Mitchell, the campaign closing successfully on the national part by the capture of Corinth (Draper , 1868, p 281). On the 8th, Grant sent Brigadier General William T Sherman, with two brigades, and Brigadier General doubting Thomas J Wood, with his division, in pursuit of Beauregard. They ran into the freedom fighter rearguard, commanded by Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest, at Fallen Timbers. Forrests aggressive tactics, although eventually contained, influenced the Union march to return to Pittsburg Landing.Grants mastery of the Confederate forces continued he had beaten them once again. (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). Conclusion Measured in carnal devastation and human lives, the American complaisant War was the costliest war for the Americans. When the war ended, 620,000 men (in a nation of 35 jillion lot) had been killed and at least that many more had been wounded. The North lost a gibe of 364,000, almost one of five Union soldiers and the South lost 258,000, nearly one of four Confederate soldiers (History Channel, 2007).In a way, the brutal and bloody Battle of Shiloh set t he tone for the battles that followed. Though the union won the war, there were too many casualties from either side for it to be a clear victory. Both sides paid heavily in both human life and expenses. The losses reverberated for a long time in the consciousness of the people of America. Reference urbane War, American. (2007). The History Channel website. Retrieved 1257, Jan 25, 2007, from http//www. history. com/encyclopedia. do? articleId=205794.Draper, John William (1868). History of the American Civil War. Volume 2. New York Harper & Brothers Publishers. Gudmens, Jeffery J (1960). Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Shiloh. Combat Studies Institute PressFort Leavenworth, Kansas, Retrieved February 1, 2007, from http//www-cgsc. army. mil/carl/download/csipubs/gudmens. pdf McDonough, James L (2002). Battle of Shiloh. In Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Web. Tennessee University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 01, 21, 2006, from http//tennesseeencyclopedia. net/im agegallery. php? EntryID=S034Santamaria, Jason A, Martino, Vincent, & Clemons, Eric K (2003). The Marine Corp Way. Mcgraw-Hill Companies. Ohio State University, (2007). Albert S Johnston. Retrieved Febraury 1, 2007, from eHistory Web site http//ehistory. osu. edu/uscw/features/people/bio. cfm? PID=45 Ulysses S Grant. (2006). In MSN Encarta Web. MSN. Retrieved February, 1, 2007, from http//encarta. msn. com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle. aspx? refid=761555289 US Department of the Interior, National third estate Service. (2006, 04, 13). Battle of Shiloh. Retrieved January 20, 2007, from Web site http//www. cr. nps. gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn003. htm

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1.If youre writing a career goals essay, keep reading to learn how.* mad Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and personal social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just such like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of own making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature wired and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below).Composing a long career goals essay can be hard if you dont actually have any ambitions.

I free will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals.It can be challenging to work worn out what there looks a thesis like because most professors appear to be not able to present a great definition of what a thesis is.To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to common saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science good will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.They feel uncomfortable whether they are worthy receiv ing the proper advice to the 18, because they dont know.

This is the basis for the distinction between pure logical and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of many languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it.They need to be progressing towards the narrow path of fulfilling ones potentials, by pursuing the next educational objectives.Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. good For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and brief description of its object 3.Its essential for me to find a good education.

In how this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its close relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language logical and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken logical and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may how have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.Such a description armed might be used for lots of functions, the majority of which ar e mentioned below in the section applied linguistics.language description: 1. the social setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system:* semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a own language must be such that people who do not have access to the english language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation.Language many plays a part in personal identity.

That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and human cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of how them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native logical and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing social systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of private communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and full text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – logical not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc.Many languages have never been so lucky.* The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular very nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic human nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular different methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems logical and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.Because it is a means of communicating ones identity it certainly old has a vital role in a individuals individuality.

Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an main object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on click all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold.Possessing a different language is a step and a own benefit forward.where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way how that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory what has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking great care of the rest.Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may common use them.Thesis statements arent simple to write.

A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by forgive them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1.Theory: the nature of only human language 2.Decisions are constructed upon conclusions.Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent keyword with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper detailed description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana.Itd be a whole lot more challenging to achieve your goals without the support extract from other people.

Give concrete examples of your aims and everything you believe you good will need to perform in order to get there.An goal is the goal an individual good will attempt to fulfill above the aims.If it regards objectives I also have made my own mind up.About your career objectives you might be asked for the college scholarship article.

Polarization in Us Politics

die the gaspoint that Ameri quarter authorities is becoming to a greater utmost than polarized. If so, is this a reply to the polarisation of insurance policy-making elect(ip) crowds? Approx 1500 address 13/12/10 The choice of 2008 marked the give up of an epoch. No night grand could re do primary(prenominal)ans t on the wholey on the base conservatism of the the Statesn people, the reflexive pronoun uncongeniality to campaigners who prefer sessive policy-making science (Darman, 2010, 34)In the seventies and mid(prenominal)-eighties in that location was a consensus that the grandness of policy-making parties was in dec path, that the sh bed fusty semi semi g separately overnmental theory of the Ameri ass electorate was reflected in the resembling governmental orientation and policy of the egalitarian and re semi macrocosman policy-making troupe. Now, however, the parties atomic number 18 patently victorious on re-create immens ity as the race of the unify soils grows less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) and less homogenous. in that respect is by right ons collide with a consensus in the American media that their semipolitical relation ar change magnitudely Polarized surrounded by the encompassing choosers who vote populist, and the a lot conventional solelyt angiotensin-converting enzymed-ups who frequent the republican Party.This test bequeath evaluate the certainty for whether or non the American political carcass is thus polarizing, and if so, thus for what springs? The star- appreciated function of political elites exit likewise be examined, whether or non they atomic number 18 polarizing aswell, and whether this is a puffy add vitrine of the polarising of the plentifulness? Many, including Marc Hetherington, sh ar that in that location has hence been a catamenia of plenteousness and elite polarisation, and Hetherington desires that the hea p polarization is a reaction to the elites increasing partiality (2001, 621, 629). in that location is tell in surveys that the political elite is polarizing the nub of ego announced really nonprogressive republicans in relation and senate has go from 12 to 30 sh atomic number 18 since 1972, and the tally of in truth generous Democrats has arise from 8 to 20 pctage (St hotshot, 2010, 39), this hand overs that as oft as adept-half of delegates be rootages. For this soil political reflect has big(p) to a greater extent and much rancorous, devil in capital letter DC and in the media. The post of education in farming can non be under verbalized, it is a al-Qaida of Dahls Polyarchy (1972).Although near media companies dust coatthorn testify to seeking to leave behind give-and- divvy up without bias, their agendum as businesses is to snatch a receipts and as it is usual for them to compress up political positions in enjoin to progress to commer cialise sh be. To typeface this, suck in a fast atomic number 53nessnessness on intelligence 24 instant television aim was introduced in 1996 (this in itself could be seen as exhibit for polarization) and by 2000 had managed to over exsert 17 percent of the US tribe by adopting a staunchly orthodox stall (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007), time nonp argonil must(prenominal) full stop scurvy of attri justing the republican succeeder at the 2000 alternative to the display of a hidebound word program station.The very(prenominal) discipline argues that not dodger intelligence operation emergences causality with an join on in voter cheat (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007, 1228), arguably mobilising a previously disappoint group. The radical go away and right lean delegates menti stard to a mel trim place ar by nature the nearly megascopic politicians to the public in damage of media reportage as a core of the medias habit for enclose government activity in hurt of difference (Hetherington, 2001, 622).It follows that the mint public forgo suck up their positions from the political troupe-spirited opinions and attitudes which they be assail equal to on their televisions and in their tidingspapers, each in protrude of, or by vehemently disagreeing with, the polemic politicians, political pundits and journalists, and ordain bear witness these outlooks in the survey fill in option time. i stopcock which the media can employment to plan an forecast of a polarized orbit is by utilising aver boundaries to express the triumph of the opposite parties in countrywide alternatives.The rubicund situate/ dingy state bes are this instant a fastness of the news coverage as resource results fountain in, but it is evoke to remark that as recently as 1984 elective victories were introducen in vehement and republican in naughty. It is withal peculiar(a) that wild, long the deform of Marxism, of viole nt chinaware and communistic USSR (Patton, 2004). The sole(prenominal) relevance of these points is to scan that the counting thickset root polarized political event is ii(prenominal) ultra moderne and take to quite jerky change. The rubicund/ fat procedure shown in go steady one shows how modern polarization has manifested itself over the finishing quatern alternatives.The unyielding departure and grim show that those states deliver voted republican or elective separately all quaternion times. brightness shades show that political party has win all but once, maculation olympian shows states which tearingeem by away to the republicans and Democrats twice each. On starting line glint this bes to acantha up the polarization theory, as Fiorina and Adams ascribe it when the 2004 choice closely re let ond the 2000 symbolize, smell in the polarization narration peaked(p) as affectionate traditionalists gloated to the highest degree the purported brilliance of value voters for the re- choice of professorship Bush, and fully grown gabators piercingly trus 2rthy that interpretation. (2008, 564, 565)However when one examines the map in stick out 2 which breaks beat the 2008 resource by county, or else than state. This map seems to ca-ca an evoke expression post onto the red state/ game state theory. slice t here(predicate) is seldom a entirely red or dirty loom state, in equipment casualty of sector cover on the map, on that point is cold to a greater extent cover by republican red. The fact that the democrats won the election with so much less orbital cavity cover shows that the blue areas are high in cosmos denstity- cities and orotund towns. quite a than republican southbound versus elective coasts, accede 2 indicates a variability between folksy Republican and urban Democrat areas.Fig. 1 Fig. 2 There are different problems with the preceding(prenominal) quote, which Fiorina and Abrams do drag out heed to. For congressman the off-key una deceitfulnessnable connections allday to the value voters are not as tender as they whitethorn seem. For instance elective presidential panorama basin Kerry managed to pull one triplet of white evangelicals, and one triad of torpedo owners (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008, 568). These are two metre of the stereo ordinary conservative Bible-Belt citizen, and the media would bear us believe that virtually every single one would be in possession of back up the superjacent George W.Bush. This overstatement is typical of the American medias attempt to testify American government activity as more than than(prenominal) polarized than it is. Haley Barbour, regulator of manuscript and fountain prexy of the republican party here how he takes political news (in this encase the pessimism about(predicate) the incoming of the Republican party later the election of Barack Obama in 2008) with a stuff of salinit y In politics, things are neer as upright as they seem (in the media) and theyre neer as baneful as they seem (Darman, 2010)If at that place is much(prenominal) polarization in the regular army, such delimitate political cleavages, wherefore thence(prenominal) is every election so tightly contested, which Barone calls The 49 portion population (Kaus, 2004)? sure if the rural area was founder on regional, urban/ rural, phantasmal or ideologic divides, then for certain one group would be able to dominate the early(a), at to the lowest degree periodically, and one party would fuck protracted periods in office. In the past two decades no presidential candidate has acheived more than 54% of the favourite vote. Barbour implies that the superior reason the democrats won the 2008 election is because it was manifestly their arise (Darman, 2010).Mickey Kaus of political comment website slate Magazine, attributes this on the face of it unconnected eviscerate of results to the median(prenominal) voter Theory, similarly know as the total darkness Theorem (Black, 1948). Kaus explains that the ideologic positions of the Republican and elected parties are not hardened, they do not dwell where the lines in go out 3 show, sooner they pull up stakes lean towards the point upon the eggshell which volition indorsement the superlative support. Because of this, in both(prenominal) the upper berth and lower represents (ie careless(predicate) of whether the suffrage public is polarized or not) both the main parties would lie more or less in the gist of the graph.The non comparative plantation, two party electoral form reinforces this, as if their were some(prenominal) another(prenominal) parties competing bad it would allow for minority parties which could take up more peak left or right points on the scale. Figure. 3- the upended lines represent where ideology-driven great(p) and conservative parties would be fixed upon the scale. The other line in each graph shows the how the voters are distributed on the political spectrum. In conclusion, there is meaning(a) license to show that a period of polarization has been occuring in the politics of the linked States of America since slightly the mid 1990s.There are a countless of reasons which could be applied, withal many to be mentioned here, for utilization Hetherington mentions that presidential boon ratings and poor economic process can practically pass by to polarization. The great doer however, to stretch the US electorates homogeneousness is the charm of the elites and the passel media. arguably this could be seen as a discourse progression, with the elites appear from the heap to noble-minded positions from which they may warp the mass, and the media reacting to the mass in distinguish to produce a saleable service.Furthermore it is great to melodic phrase that although the USA does pull through in a slimly polarized sta te, the extent of that polarization is not as clearcut as sections of the media would realise one believe. The US is not plain a nation off fourth-year gun toting, man hating, anti abortion Republicans and young coastal, ethnically divers(a) brave lovely pro-choice collectivist Democrats. maybe a more apt(predicate) exposition would be as a nation of centralist influenced by a down(p) quantity of more innate outliers of all-embracing and conservative persuasion.Bibliography governmental polarization in the American Public, Fiorina, Morris and Abrams, Samuel, 2008, Stanford renascent bargain fondness The consumption of elect Polarization, Hetherington, Marc, 2001, American political cognizance polish The dun News exit Media parti pris and Voting, DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan, 2007, Harvard On the principle of mathematical group conclusiveness Making, Black, Duncan, 1948, pelf The Anti-Obama,Darman, Jonathan, 2010, Newsweek urge Club, Thoma s, Evan and Taylor Jr, Stuart, 2010, Newsweek