Magical Urbanism

1.‘Magical Urbanism’ is the term that Mike Davis uses to describe the situation of the Latinos in urban America.   They have moved into the United States and immediately formed subgroups of their own within established cities, and yet unlike other minority ethnic groups their numbers are growing in size and they are developing the ability to seriously affect politics of not only their current country of residence but Mexico by way of California and New York.   Magical urbanism is the power of these minority groups to grow and become capable of such social influence while being comprised of poverty stricken citizens who as individuals have little influence over local or state affairs. 2.Immigrants tend to be poor because of the social factors that are inflicted on them at the time of arrival in their new country of residence.   Like in the case of Latinos in America, immigrants can find themselves without an established social support structure based on family and friends.   Networks like these are important to everyone, regardless of citizenship status.   You need a network of employer references, rental accommodation references, credit references, and failing all of those, close relatives and friends who can support you until you have achieved all of these things anew in a different nation. 3.Lack of Opportunity:   We are raised to believe that opportunity is everywhere around us; that all we need to do is reach out and grab it with both hands.   When it comes to immigrants, however, it isn’t so simple.   These people can come to the United States with very few resources from which to both identify and make use of the opportunities for success that are clear to those of us who have grown up here and understand the social system.   This factor can be identified as part of the ‘culture of poverty’, as it is inherent in virtually all immigrant groups everywhere. Hard Work:   Hard work; it’s what you expect to do to climb the ladder of social success in any city.   Money and quality of life does not come of idleness, and for people of minority status this is no secret.   The national spirit suggests that all you need to do is work hard, and you will be able to achieve your dreams – this is not exactly the case with the poor people of color in America, who may have several family members working long, hard hours and only bringing in minimum wages.   This is another factor in the culture of poverty. Institutional discrimination:   Established social systems can tend to work against immigrant groups.   In America there is a lot of employer legislation that requires university educated workers, American educated workers or a native grasp of English before anyone can be hired on.   Jobs that do not require these things will be the minimum wage occupations with very little room for growth or improvement.   Unless immigrants have the primary resources necessary to start a business or become educated after relocating, they will find themselves caught in the poverty trap.   This is purely a structural explanation of immigrant poverty, as Mike Davis explains it. Reference Davis, M (2001). Magical Urbanism: Latinos reinvent the US city. United States: Verso Press.   

A Mutual Relationship

The issue of forming a mutual relationship between achieving organization strategic needs and the satisfaction of individual employee needs is gaining an increasing importance in today’s business world. It is believed that taking care of the needs and satisfaction of the individual employees is pivotal to achieving strategic goals and objectives of any organization.If an organization does not take great deal of care about the needs and wants of the employees, it won’t be able to be successful and viable for the long period of time.Though, from the short term perspective it may be expensive for the company to satisfy the needs of each individual employee and keep them happy, but in the long term such a company is bound to be more successful than the one which does not care about the needs of its staff. For instance, it must be ensured that the workplace conditions are adequate enough to provide satisfaction to the employees.Organizations that see the value of their emplo yees are prepared to bare the extra cost in return for the high performance by the employees at all levels. Where as, on the other hand, companies who do not value their employees a great deal suffer from a high employee turnover and lower performance levels. (Callaway.L.P). However, it must be noted that not all the needs of employees can be fulfilled especially when such needs are at the cost of company’s strategic aims and objectives.There must be a balance between the fulfillment of employee needs and strategic needs of the company. This balance can be achieved by aligning the strategic needs of the company with that of individual employee’s to create common objectives. Organizations are continuously focusing on aligning the individual employee needs and objectives with that of the organization. The process of aligning individual needs of employees and organization’s strategic objectives is called goal congruence.The agency theory is mostly commonly used by organizations for forming goal congruence between the individuals and overall strategic goals and objectives of the company.Agency theory assumes employees of organization, including managers as agents acting within an organization each pursuing his own set of objectives. For instance, within a particular department of an organization, there are departmental objective. If achieving these departmental goals and objectives lead to the achievement of the overall strategic objectives of the organization, then these is believed to be goal congruence between the two. (opm.gov).The relationship between an organization and employees is referred to as agency relationship, in which managers and employees act as agents for the owners of a company. The conflict in this relationship arises when the agents do not act in the best interests of their principles.The agency problem arises due to the separation of ownership and management of the business. Mostly managers purse their own personal object ives like giving themselves high salaries and perks, and taking a short term profitability perspective rather than focusing on the long term success of the business.This is particularly the case where they don’t have any or very little stake in the equity shares of the company. However, this agency problem can be resolved by what is called an ‘agency theory’. Agency theory tries to bridge the gap between the objectives of organization and personal objectives and needs of employees and managers alike.

Nutrition Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nutrition Communication Plan - Essay Example It recommended for the formation of a Food and Nutrition Council to further implement other recommendations basically the formation of bureaucratic bodies. Fisher proposed that groups of environmental interests although well-represented by a large local bureaucracy had been silent and that the document was fond to be insufficient for a 1985 and onwards acceptability. Among others, he noted four major deficiencies such as lack of a systems approach to food and nutrition, lack of consideration of the environmental implications of human nutrition, lack of consideration on the effects of additives and lack of use of the anthropology of food. In order to facilitate satisfaction of human nutritional needs require environmental factors, both the outer environment or natural resources and the inner, physiological and psychosocial environments (Borgstrom, 1972). A change in the ay of eating was recommended (Fisher, 1986) with the justification that per capita nutrition provided from plant crops requires less from the environment in comparison with animal crops as off-farm processing pf raw foodstuffs include transport, packaging and retailing procedures that extract much from the environment. ... ide from that, Fisher argued that greater effort is exerted on handling, preparing, preserving animal foodstuffs with consideration for hidden costs on legislation and policing of standards. In addition, disposal of leftovers and cleaning after preparation of meat-based meals are more difficult and intensive and produces more pollutants. The proposal that purchase and consumption of fresh, local plant sources although encouraging for a start (Fisher, 1986) also poses other environmental damages that were not discussed before such as effects of the use of chemical fertilisers, insecticide and preservatives. It is with this premise that the Green Line Organic Direct enters the situation. The Green Line Organic Direct The GLOD is Melbourne Victoria's leading (online) organic store that offer home delivery of a huge range of products that are biodynamic and environmentally friendly products including: organic and biodynamic fresh fruit - organic and biodynamic fresh vegetables - organic and biodynamic grocery products - organic and biodynamic bulk items - organic and biodynamic meat - organic alcohol - environmentally friendly cleaning and household products - environmentally friendly and organic personal care products - environmentally friendly and organic baby products (Green Line Organic Direct, 2007). Organic Foods It has been proposed that organic food is produced according to certain standards requiring that crops were grown without the use of conventional pesticides, artificial fertilizers or sewage sludge, and that they were processed without ionizing radiation or food additives. In addition, animal food products meant they were reared without the use of antibiotics and growth hormones (Wikipedia, 2007). Due to nutrition and health impacts as well as

Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper Research - 1

Communication and Personality in Negotiation - Research Paper Example I communicated with other car buyers in interactive forums in order to learn good practical negotiating techniques. I compared prices from newspaper classified ads, online classifieds, and other publications in which used were being advertised. In my research about negotiation techniques when buying a car I learned that first of I should not buy the first car that I see. Another tip I received that if the price looks to good to be true there is most likely something wrong with the car that is hard to diagnose at first glance. A good move to minimize your risk prior to making an offer is having a mechanic check the car over prior to making an offer. One should always make an offer that is lower than the asking price. I also learn that in the car buying process it is important to get a feel for the individual who is selling you the car because the car will be as good as the maintenance and treatment the person gave to the car. Once I educated might-self a bit in the car buying experience and negotiating process and went out to the city to visit some of the car owners who had car on sale which interest me. My initial communication with each of the car owners was by telephone. I was amazed at what happen when I started calling people. I figure that the car description was the key for me to finding the right car, but I underestimated the importance of individual personality plays in the negotiation process. My first call was to a female selling a sedan. This woman spoke to me on the phone with lots of arrogance. I did not like her tone of voice and we only spoke for 2 minutes. I never went to see car based solely on the fact that this person repulse me. The actual car being advertised seemed like a good deal. After several other bad phone calls I made arrangement with see three individuals that sounded professional on the phone and acted on a proactive manner during our phone conversation as far as doing everything within their power to

Political Corruption in Israel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Political Corruption in Israel - Research Paper Example Only recently very reliable sources identified that Israel bagged 30th position out of 178 countries when evaluated in context of corruption rate and even worse results were witnessed when the country was compared to other member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Dattel and Reuters). Highly irresponsible, unprofessional, and inconsiderate behavior of the politicians has led to prodigious public commotion within the country but unfortunately, the terror game played by atrocious political instigators which is fraught with big risks continues to remain in vogue. This research paper is basically an attempt to discuss what contemporary research evidence has to offer on the reality of political turmoil in Israel and how corruption and debaucheries of the political leaders is negatively interfering with the basis of moral government. Research material presented in the paper will principally focus on the corruption of politicians and influential public officials and how their conduct serves to foster lawlessness in every field of life will also be debated in the paper. Israel is placed in the category of â€Å"Elite Cartel Corruption† by Johnston who analyzed political corruption in association with nature of political agencies and economic liberalization (Shannon). He argues that this specific category involves well-connected networks of social elites who share corrupt advantages in an environment of fierce political competition and enhanced economic liberalization. Such politically powerful figures regularly â€Å"work together to protect and maintain their advantages and stave off the opposition† (Johnston cited in Shannon). This is exactly the style of top Israeli politicians and official moguls who exploit their own people in order to foment their personal wealth and form a channel of corruption by notoriously collaborating among themselves. Lost in their wicked conspiracies, they do not maintain a sincere assoc iation with Israeli public, rather use their political influence to transform state agencies into promising means of personal welfare. Consistent bad ranking exposed by a huge collection of analytical studies has not managed as yet to inculcate a sense of responsibility and awareness in the minds of Israeli politicians. Rather Israel continues to be the poorest, disreputable, and most unreliable member of the OECD and the Western world. Research cites that corruption and fraudulence affairs currently occupy the center of the Israeli political stage (Avnery) with many former powerful political figures including prime ministers and governors awaiting judgments in rape and bribery trials. It is thought to be a matter of great concern by all critics that while many other countries suffering from similar troublesome conditions have shown significant improvements over the past years, corruption in Israel remains unaffected by any reconstructive agendas and continues to successfully genera te political upheaval. There is such explicit austerity in political corruption in Israel that millions of lives have been and continue to be sacrificed to resulting exigencies. The series of outrageous events

Mitigating the Toxic Leaders of Tailhook 91 Essay

Mitigating the Toxic Leaders of Tailhook 91 - Essay Example The Tailhook Association was initiated in 1956 during a reunion event in Mexico where aviators from different fleets met. The membership grew rapidly to over sixteen thousand members in 1991. General membership incorporated active aviators, those retired as well as civilians. As indicated the Tailhook represents a political and social situation that incorporated active as well as retired Naval and Marine Corps aviators of different ranks and grades and from different departments of the Department of Defense. In real essence, the entire story is about the disturbing events within the 35th Annual symposium that was organized by Tailhook Association in 1991. The association is recognized for a number of activities one of which includes organizing annual symposium that brings together different members of the association. Most of the social activities took place on the squadron hospitality suites in Las Vegas Hilton. The events that took place during the symposium is what triggered the T ailhook investigations. The investigations were initiated following rampant accusations made by the females in attendance concerning the indecent behavior and assaults of junior officers as well as senior officers towards the female attendees. Several issues should be reviewed and followed by appropriate correction.The toxic leaders in the Tailhook Association annual symposium ’91 were recognized as top ranking navy officials alongside other junior officers who were involved in sexually-related activities.

Encourage Healthy Eating Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Encourage Healthy Eating Paper - Essay Example The need is to understand where the line needs to be drawn and how this shall come about in a normal manner. What is quintessential to note here is the fact that healthy eating can only happen when the individuals know what they are looking forward to having within their ranks, and how they shall enact pathways and means through which their health standards would be made better. The individuals who believe in eating well are usually the ones who are fitter than the rest, and hence the basis of success comes about within their folds. If there are taxes in place to make sure that the soft drinks and junk food are not consumed, this shall make the lives of the people better. They would abstain from consuming junk food because they will know it will cost them much at the end of the day. However, this can only come about when encouragement is there for the people who eat healthy and want to spend their lives in a positive and active way. Higher taxes could be contested by certain individu als but one should believe this is the only way out under such problems that come about within the lives of the people. After all, it is always a good omen for any business to understand how the positive change premise needs to be incorporated, especially when the talk goes out loud regarding the healthy eating habits. ... Heavy taxes on such soft drinks and junk food would ensure that the young ones and teenagers do away with such consumption levels, and eat fresh and healthy at all times. Then again, there are moments when they can consume junk food but it must not be made as a habit for them on a consistent basis. Higher taxes would not be appreciated by people of such age groups but this is the only manner under which they can cut down on purchases that they make of the soft drinks and junk food, which they eat time and again. Imposing heavy taxes on soft drinks and junk food purchase would mean that the kids would ask for lesser money from their parents and hence would know that they are saving on the hard-earned cash of their elders (Jones, 2011). Also they would realize that earning money is not an easy task, and saving it is always a good exercise to undertake. When the parents know that their young ones are saving money rather than spending the same on junk food, they are more open to understa nding that the children need to be given more money so that they can utilize it properly. Plus they are well-informed that their young ones know how to deal with money and what their understandings levels have been over a period of time. However, this is always easier said than done because the children find a way to waste money on junk food and soft drinks because when they are out enjoying with friends, colleagues and cousins, they care less about what they are eating and where they are spending their pocket money. Now the need is to have a pep talk session between the parents and their children so that the latter know where they are going wrong and

Ultural concerns and influences Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ultural concerns and influences - Research Paper Example But, it is observed that the culture which is in maximum contact with American society is the African culture. The ethnicity of US society is a collection of different ethnic group due to migration issue. America is like a boiling pot which mixes the diverse ethnicity and race within the society. Another important feature of the American culture is its plurality and unity. So, American culture can be termed as a new way of living due to collection of different value system, historical background, geography, norms and immigration issues (Constructive Elements of American Culture, n.d.). Owing to these reasons for understanding this culture and society requires studying of human process and about the culture of the immigrants. This influx of immigrants to US is posing as a major challenge for CJS or criminal justice system. It is also evident that little attention about the criminal justice system had been paid by the social science researcher on the issue of immigrants. Recently condu cted researches also revealed cultural diversity is one of the major concerns of the criminal justice professionals. ... It may be the climate, geography, community size, and its economic position - agrarian, service and industry. This ecological factor lays a major impact on the culture and history of the community. In small communities, which is based on agrarian occupation an immediate link between the community members and the criminal justice official is present due to their social affiliation. In this kind of scenario most of the problems are resolved informally rather than following formal procedures. On the other hand, the industrial ecology brings in immigrants with different set of values which contradicts with the local inhabitants. This complex situation creates a heterogeneous environment for criminal justice system. Large communities of urban industrial origin also create much more complexity for the criminal justice professionals. It is owing to the fact values and demands of community members differ and that is why the service expected by them from criminal justice system varies greatly . These results in incorporation of bureaucracy within the system in a large extent and the officials may not be easily available also for personally meeting the community members. Geographical condition also creates social problems, for example in Las Vegas many drifters, criminals and tourists come in search of excitement. On the other hand illegal immigration problems persist in Texas, California and border of Mexico. This helps to understand the uniqueness of the problem faced by the criminal justice system. Political condition also affects the criminal justice system. As for example, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is an organized

The Jamarat Pedestrian Bridge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Jamarat Pedestrian Bridge - Research Paper Example It occurs that the Islamic Hajj pilgrimage is the largest congregation of people on global repetend (Samarid, 2010). About two million Moslem pilgrims observe Hajj during the twelfth lunar Arabic month. Activities commence on the ninth day and terminate on the twelfth. One of the activities done in Mina adjacent to Makkah is the ramy al-jamarat (Al-Haboubi, 2003). Jamarat was built to ease movement of pilgrims as early as 1936 and has been expanded several times. Apart a religious significance, the built structure serves as a vital logistics piece (Islamic City, 2009). Yet great efforts, the sheer magnitude of pilgrims turn catastrophic. Thus the old bridge is revamped by royal decree for the construction of a multilevel bridge (Islam portal). To define the necessary logistics involved in moving all pilgrims simultaneously, at set times, along stations spanning 10 miles, for about 2.5 million Moslems participating in the weeklong pilgrimage. The stakeholders identified in this initiative are 1-Government: leaders at national and local scale and interrelated institutions, 2-the Islam international community, 3-the design team and workforce, 4-the construction industry, 5-the wisdom keepers or Islamic scholars, Shaikh Ibn Uthaymeen et al. Stakeholder management is a gesture of accountability and responsibility to deliver the project development intent. There is even more expectation in Government led initiatives, wherein it is crucial that project management meets the needs and interests of different stakeholders. To do so necessitates planning with these different groups in mind and to test what fits best. The assessment of stakeholder needs in the Jamarat Bridge Revamp Project requires a tedious understanding of the relationship between a built structure design and how it affects crowd dynamics, and does a built structure ensure safety in intense and complex flows of people. But this is not as simple as it seems because the movement of pilgrims are within a given time frame of the ritual particulars, and the increases in worshipper volume should be accommodated in the continuance of Islam traditionalism. Working with a distinct culture, such as in this circumstance, requires a deeper understanding of norms, dynamics in public interactions, and other sensitivities before exchanges are initiated. There are qualities to learn beforehand engaging stakeholder approval. Lateral approaches in the conduct of coordination are not consistently appreciated within certain social structures. Too much equalisation between interest groups could impede on the project, or stem into

Advertising efficiency and the choice of media mix Essay

Advertising efficiency and the choice of media mix - Essay Example Advertising efficiency and the choice of media mix There is also space for print and radio advertising in an advertising strategy that reaches out to the customer base of Alfredo’s, which is niche and local. The focus should be on local advertising in local radio stations and local print publications such as local newspapers and local magazines. The local emphasis recognizes that Alfredo’s is a local business that is characterized by high quality offerings. A national print and radio campaign will not be cost effective for these reasons, that Alfredo’s clientele is mostly local, and Alfredo’s is a small operation catering to a local client base. It makes sense too, from an image perspective, to advertise in local print and radio, to emphasize that the bistro is local and has a local character and flavor. The appeal is to the home crowd, making it more personal, and making the advertising more attractive to the regular clients of the bistro, who live around the area. One can argue that for boys and girls, the real decision makers are the parents. With regard to sporting clothes in particular, parents arguably have the say on what their children wear, what their league affiliations are, and where they source their information relating to sportswear. Fathers for instance make use of sporting events as a way to connect with their children, with sporting events such as baseball games constituting bonding moments with their children.

An Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

An Annotated Bibliography Essay Chin, Jean Lau. (2004). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group This book discusses the effects of prejudice and discrimination on the psyche and one’s participation in society as a whole. The relevant section in this book discusses the unique plight of gay or bisexual black men that have to contend with homophobia as well as racism. Of special note is the section in which sexual orientation often has a negative effect on the career development of many gay black men. This is an interesting resource since most of the material on the subject does not address the secondary sub-category of sexual orientation (Chin, 2004). Daniels, C. (2004). Black Power Inc. : The New Voice of Success. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons C. Daniel’s Black Power Inc. is a book of medium length that explores the phenomenon of black people placing a growing emphasis on economic rather than political power. The book is geared toward young to middle-aged black professional men and women, who are Working While Black (WWB). C. Daniels writes for Fortune magazine with an extensive history in writing about the social dynamics inherent in big business—especially as it relates to the unique issues black men and women face in the corporate world (Daniels, 2004). Davis, G. Watson, G. (1982). Black Life in Corporate America: Swimming in the Mainstream. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Although written twenty-seven years ago, this account by Davis Watson (1982) is still relevant in chronicling the early stages of Black integration into corporate American life. The book describes the upstream struggles of educated black professionals as they attempt to make a living commensurate with their skills. While also observing the lesser tolerance of open bigotry in the workplace, certain â€Å"jokes† and comments are often alienating to black men (Davis Watson, 1982). Gates, Henry Louis. America behind the Color Line. New York: Warner Books, 2004 This book contains interviews from several powerful African-American men including Russell Simmons, Quincy Jones, Vernon Jordan, Colin Powell and Morgan Freeman. Written by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , one of the premier scholars of African-American studies today. This book shows the diversity of successful Black men from the corporate and political arenas to the performing arts and community activism, and discusses triumphs and challenges. A very good read for anyone studying black achievement (Gates, 2004). Livers, A. Caver, K. A. (2002). Leading in Black and White: Working across the Racial Divide in Corporate America. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons This book by Livers Caver (2002) describes the challenges faced by Blacks who occupy a higher level on the corporate ladder (i. e. managerial positions). They challenge the popular assumption that black leaders have the same issues as white leaders, and underscore the problems of trust many black men have with their white colleagues because of lack of common experiences. This book was intended for black managers that need help in continuing to navigate the system (Livers Carver, 2002). Merida, K. (2007). Being a Black Man: At the Corner of Progress and Peril. Washington: Public Affairs This is a collection of essays about the personal and professional struggles of black men in America. Many points of view deal with identity intersections of different roles—husband, father, employee, and businessman—as well as dreams and ambitions. This book generated a great deal of interest in the reading public as it offers a personal glimpse of the realities of black life. K. Merida is a reporter for the Washington Post, and was thus able to use his credentials to find many contributors to this volume (Merida, 2007). Van Horne, W. A. (2007). The Concept of Black Power: Its Continued Relevance. Journal of Black Studies, 37(3), 365-389 This is a study of the growth of Black Power in America as the middle-class grows slowly and quietly. Even though over time, black people have gained more civil rights in America, there is still a significant lag between them and the white majority. However, W. A. Van Horne notes that the black underclass often overshadows the slow, but inexorable growth of the black middle class. He also raises questions of whether the black power movement is still relevant (Van Horne, 2007).

King Lear Shakespeares Essay Example for Free

King Lear Shakespeares Essay Dylan Thomass Do not go gentle into that good night was influenced by William Butler Yeatss Lapis Lazuli and William Shakespeares King Lear but the villanelle bears a stronger resemblance to Shakespeares play. The attitudes toward how an individual lives in the face of impending death, explored by Thomas, are similarly examined with the portrayal of Gloucester and Lear. Dylan Thomass Do not go gentle into that good night has been noted to bear the influence of and even echo W. B. Yeats, especially Lapis Luzuli, and, secondarily via this poem, Shakespeares King Lear. One scholar notes its Yeatsian overtones (Fraser 51); another judges Thomass villanelle to have much of the concentrated fury of expression which the poetry of the older Yeats contained, but more tenderness and sympathy (Stanford 117), and goes on to say. , citing Lapis Lazuli, that Yeats described the poet as one who knows that `Hamlet and Lear are gay' (118). William York Tindall cites not only Lapis Lazuli but also Yeatss The Choice as sources (204). Another scholar seems to skip over Yeats entirely (though his own phrasing echoes line 1 of Lapis Lazuli), seeing the Grave men/blind tercet (which contains the injunction to be gay) as perhaps invok[ing] the Miltonic (Tindall also mentions Milton 205) and the effect of the phrase be gay as rather hysterical sentimentality (Holbrook, Dissociation 53); of the earlier Wise men/lightning verse, however, he says The images are merely there, histrionically, to bring in the phrase `forked no lightning to give a Lear-like grandeur to the dirge (52). I would like to propose that Do not go gentle into that good night bears a much stronger and more direct connection to Shakespeares play than is suggested by references to Yeats or to Lear-like grandeur. I would like to propose that the attitudes towards deathor, more precisely, the attitudes towards how one lives in the face of impending deaththat Thomas explores in this poemthe implied attitude his speaker attributes to his direct audience, and the one he urges be adopted in its placeare similarly explored in King Lear and dramatized in the characters of Gloucester and Lear. I also propose that the voice we hear in Do not go gentle may not be a directly lyric speaker but an obliquely drawn persona, that of Gloucesters son Edgar. Further, when read in the shadow cast by King Lear, the tone of Thomass poem grows dark indeed. Do not go gentle into that good night is addressed to Thomass father, David John, known as D. J. According to biographer Paul Ferris, D. J. was an unhappy man a man with regrets (27); born with brains and literary talent, his ambition was to be a man of letters, but he was never able to advance beyond being a sardonic provincial schoolmaster in South Wales, feared for his sharp tongue (26-33). After his first serious illness, thoughcancer in 1933A mellowing is said to have been noticeable soon after; his sarcasm was not so sharp; he was a changed man (104). As he grew more chronically ill in the 40s, mostly from heart disease and with one of the complications being trouble with his sight, the mellowing intensified: As Ferris puts it, It must have been [D. J. s] backbone of angry dignity that his son grieved to see breaking long after, when he wrote `Do not go gentle into that good night' (27), and the poem is an exhortation to his father, a plea for him to die with anger, not humility (259). The poem was first published in November, 1951, in Princess Caetanis Botteghe Oscure, on consecutive pages with Lament, a dramatic monologue spoken by an old man on his deathbed who recalls his rollicking youth and middle-age spent in the pursuit (and capture) of wine, women, and song, but who has married at last in order to obtain a caretaker, and must suffer pious comforting in his final, helpless days. (Bibliographic evidence suggests the two were also composed, or at least finalized, more or less simultaneously; Kidder 188.) In the letter to Caetani that contained Do not go gentle, Thomas remarked that this little one might well be printed with [Lament] as a contrast (qtd. in Kidder 188). As Ferris suggests, it would be difficult to over-estimate D. J. s influence on his son: . . . the pattern of [Dylans] life was in some measure a response to D. J. Thomas and his wishes. For the early books that Dylan Thomas read, the rhythms he absorbed, and probably for his obsession with the magic of the poets function, he was indebted to D. J. (283). Prominent among those early books read by Thomas are the works of Shakespeare. In 1948 (and Thomas might have begun his, as usual, protracted drafting and revision of Do not go gentle in 1945, after D. J. suffered a nearly fatal illness; Tindall 204), Thomas wrote a journalist that D. J. s reading aloud of Shakespeare seemed to me, and to nearly every other boy in the school, very grand indeed; all the boys who were with me at school, and who have spoken to me since, agree that it was his reading that made them, for the first time, see that there was, after all, something in Shakespeare and all his poetry. . . (qtd. in Ferris 33; his ellipses). That Thomas was familiar with and admiring of Shakespeare is, of course, no surprise, but his direct linkage of his father with Shakespeare, particularly at this point in time, is interesting, and he demonstrated more than familiarity with King Lear: In 1950, during one of his reading tours in America, he spent an evening with novelist Peter de Vries (who would later use Thomas as the basis for the poet Gowan McGland in Reuben, Reuben) and, among other conversational gambits, declaimed some Lear (de Vries, qtd. in Ferris 233). That he was equally well-immersed in Yeats is verified by the fact that poems by Yeats were among those he performed on his 1950 tour of

What Is The Right Thing To Do?

What Is The Right Thing To Do? If someone, in an attempt to exercise his right of self defense coerces anyone else into defending him then that would mean that the defender himself is a criminal invader of the rights of someone else. So, if X is aggressing against Y, Y may not use force to compel Z to join in defending him, for then, Y would be just as much a criminal aggressor against Z. This immediately rules out conscription for defense, for conscription enslaves a man and forces him to fight on someone elses behalf. Is it always wrong to lie? Consider the case whereby A sets out to murder B and although C knows where B is but C lies to A in order to save Bs life. Under such circumstances would we still render the act of lying wrong or would it be justified to lie in such a case? What do you think is the Right thing to do? Are moral values absolute or are they subjective? Are they universal or are they social conventions instead? Do natural laws exist or do they evolve with time? Who decides between Right and Wrong? Without speck of a doubt, the ability to evaluate reasons for belief is one of the most fundamental critical thinking skills. It is the ability to reason indeed that differentiates human beings form other living organisms. However, one of the biggest dilemmas of moral reasoning remains to be its contradictory nature. We have the mental capacities to reason our belief in something; however, we are just as capable of analyzing it critically at the same time. Question of what is right and what is wrong are not always black and white. At times it seems like the societies are governed by natural laws and social conventions whereby there is a distinct categorization of right and wrong. On the contrary, however, it occurs to us on a great many reflections that problems of morality are relative, and subjective. To re strengthen our belief that reasoning about morality and the problems of morality are themselves contradictory in nature, we are going to cover a few case studies and then see if we reach any conclusion. A many in history nevertheless have made attempts at defining moral ethics and an effort to address to its problems too has been made. According to Protagoras, a Sophist, Man is a measure of all things. The implication is that right and wrong or good and bad, according to Protagoras, must always be considered in relation to a persons needs. Sophists had travelled around the globe splendidly. It couldnt have been anyone better but them to have realized that laws governing the city states and also the norms of a society could vary massively across boundaries. Hence their observation led them to raise questions based on morality and ethics that had to do with conception of what was natural and what was socially induced. Moreover, Sophists believed that there were no absolute norms for what was right and wrong. For instance the idea of natural modesty, to a Sophist who had travelled the world, was a matter of social convention. Had it been natural, it would have been something innate, something humans are born with. Since its seen to be taken differently across different places, not everyone everywhere is afraid or reluctant to show themselves off nakedly, that is not the case. Morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits.  [1]   However, other philosophers such as the legendary Socrates were of the view that some such norms were in fact absolute and universally valid. According to Socrates, He who knows what good is will do good.Hereby he meant to imply that a right insight will lead to right action and that the virtuous is one who does right. Therefore Socrates proposed that peoples reason and not the society, differentiates between right and wrong. Aristotle had a slightly different take on the issue. He propounded the Golden Mean whereby he emphasized the need to keep a balance. Only by maintaining balance and temperance, so the Aristotelian school of thought goes, does one achieve a happy or harmonious life. As seen hitherto answers to the problems of ethics and morality are not black and white in nature. There cannot be one absolute definition of Morals and Ethics and hence moral reasoning too cannot be chalked out in one specific manner. Moral Reasoning: We are discussing no small matter but how we ought to live.  [2]   One way of explaining Moral Reasoning is by categorizing it into two broad categories: i) Consequentialist Moral Reasoning ii) Categorical Moral Reasoning. Consequentialist Moral Reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act. Example of Consequentialist Moral Reasoning would be Utilitarianism according to which the right act is that which maximizes utility. Categorical Moral Reasoning on the other hand locates morality in certain duties and rights that have to do with the intrinsic quality of the act itself. Therefore, according to Categorical Moral Reasoning, Murder is a Murder and the act of murdering is wrong irrespective of the circumstances of the act. Utilitarianism: This theory was proposed by David Hume (1711-1776) and defined further by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Utilitarianism stands by the slogan, the greatest good for the greatest number.According to Bentham the ultimate Moral Principle, namely the Principle of Utility, requires us to choose whatever action would have the best consequences. According to the utilitarian philosophy, we act in a way that maximized the overall level of happiness and pleasure over suffering and pain. In a nutshell, the right thing to do is to maximize utility. However utilitarianism is not as perfect a philosophical concept as it sounds. Some of the objections raised against utilitarianism are that it fails to respect certain individual rights and fails to acknowledge the rights of the minority (lesser number of people).Hence it is argued that certain individual rights of the minority cannot be traded off for the sake of utility. Secondly, it is not possible to aggregate all values. For instance, how would you assign monetary terms to values such as the value of life, respect, etc? Even if we could measure such values then how possibly could we have captured them according to a single uniform measure of value? Let us look at some of the cases concerned with morality in the light of Utilitarian approach and see for ourselves whether utilitarianism befits it: Case1: Euthanasia Mathew Donnelly, a physicist, had contracted cancer perhaps due to an over exposure of X-Rays. It cost him his jaw, upper lip, his nose, left hand, and two fingers from right hand. As if this wasnt enough, he was also left blind. Donnellys physician told him that he had just about a years time left to live. Donnelly, however, was in excruciating pain already, and he thought against better judgment that he would rather die than continue life in such a state. In an urge to free himself of misery and pain, he asked his three brothers to kill him. Two of his brothers refused to do so while the youngest one, 36-year-old Harold Donnelly, shot Mathew to death with a 3.0-caliber pistol. The question in point is whether Harold did wrong. According to social conventions and moral traditions which essentially dictate that the intentional killing of innocent people is always wrong. Hence according to moral traditions, Harold was wrong. However, Harold is assumed to have shot his brother for a no ble cause; he loved his brother and wanted to end his misery. Moreover, Mathew had himself asked to die. Therefore, in consideration of the consent (of Mathew), and noble motives (Harolds love for his brother and wanting to alleviate him of the pain), the point in case asks for a lenient judgment. Utilitarianism would have gone by whichever of the choices available to Harold at that point of time, had the best overall consequences. Utilitarianism would support that action which maximizes happiness for all concerned. Killing Mathew, a utilitarian would think, would free Mathew of misery and pain hence in this case a utilitarian would conclude that the greatest balance of happiness will be achieved for everyone concerned here, by euthanasia. Hereby euthanasia is morally right and justified. Amongst the western States, Euthanasia is legal only in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Colombia. United States renders Euthanasia illegal and terms it as an act of murder hence Haorld Donelly was arrested and charged. A question then arises whether Euthanasia be made legal provided its taken to be morally right by a utilitarian at least. On that point, John Stuart Mill says; The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their member, is self-protection. The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.  [3]   Thus utilitarian believes that laws prohibiting euthanasia contradict general welfare of the society, and restrict peoples right to control their own lives the way they wish to. When Harold killed his brother Mathew, he did so in order to end Mathews miserable life in a manner that Mathew had himself chosen. Since the consequences didnt harm anyone, it shouldnt be a problem for anyone either. Things are now changing, in 2005, 58% of Americans were of the view that doctors should be allowed to help patients die who are suffering from painful incurable disease. Case 2 : Case of Queens Vs. Dudley and Stevens: Queens Vs. Dudley is a 19th Century famous British Law Case. The case put a huge question on the validity of utilitarian doctrine. It involves the shipwreck crew of four. After being lost at sea for 19 whole days, Dudley, the Caption decided to kill the weakest among them, the young cabin boy Parker in order that rest of the crew members survive feeding on his blood and body. On the 29th of September 1884, 1300 miles away from Cape, Mignonette was found. Richard Parker, 17-year-old cabin boy was the youngest of all crew members on Mignonette. He was an orphan and had no family. It was Parkers first voyage to sea and had gone against the advice of his friends. A wave hit the shaft, and Mignonette went down. The only food that the crew members had on them was two cans of preserved turnips. What was worse was that the crew members did not have any fresh drinkable water either. For the first three days, the crew members did not eat. On the fourth day, however, they opened one of the cans of Turnips and ate it. The next day, they cut a turtle and together with the second can of turnips, the turtle enabled them to survive for the next few days. For eight days, then, they remained of food and water again. The cabin boy Parker had by now gotten ill as he had drunk sea water. His condition was such that he appeared to be dying. On the 19th day, the captain Dudley proposed an idea that they should all draw a lottery to see who would die to save the rest. Brooks refused to do so and hence lotts werent drawn. Next day, there still wasnt a sign of a life boat , and it was in the midst of harsh conditions that Captain motioned Stevens that boy Parker better be killed. Dudley told the boy his time had come and killed him with a pen knife, stabbing him in his jugular vein. For four days, the three of the crewmembers fed on the blood and body of Parker. At last, on the twenty fourth day of the shipwreck, they were rescued by a German ship which took them back to England where t hey were arrested and tried. Dudley and Stevens went on trial while Brooks turned States witness. It turned out that the captain and his companion werent guilty much, they claimed to have acted out of necessity. They defended their stance by saying that under dire circumstances better that one should die so that three could survive. The prosecutor wasnt influenced; he said a murder is a murder hence the case went on trial. This leaves us with following questions rather objections to the doctrine Utilitarianism: Do we have certain fundamental Rights? If yes, then individual rights shouldnt be traded off and need to be valued. Does a fair procedure justify any result? What is the moral work of consent? Would an active consent at either the time of drawing lottery or at the point of death make so much of a moral difference that an act that is considered morally wrong, taking away someone life for example, would turn morally permissible after the consent? Shall the rights of a weaker being or a minority (in terms of count or numbers) be traded off for the sake of general welfare? Case 3: Baby Theresa: Publically known as Baby Theresa, Theresa Ann Campo was an anencephalic child, born in Florida in 1992.Anencephalic children are sometimes termed as babies without brains as important parts of their brain including the cerebrum and cerebellum are missing and so is the top of their skull. There is however a brain stem, present in such infants, that allows for their autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat. Even on accounts of survival (from stillbirth), such infants do not live long and for whatever time period they live, they would still never be conscious due to malfunctioning of brain components. Thus Baby Theresas parents volunteered her organs for transplant thinking other needy children could perhaps benefit from the eyes, kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs of Baby Theresa after the transplant. Physicians too thought that it was a good suggestion forwarded by the babys parents that her organs be volunteered so that other children who are in need may benefit. A huge num ber of children need transplants each year but there are never enough organs available. Since Florida law does not permit organ removal until the donor is dead, Baby Theresas organs werent taken. Nine days later, Baby Theresa expired and it was too late by then to use her organs for other children as her organs had been damaged. The newspaper stories of the time opened up a heated debate whether it would have been right to remove the babys organs in order to help other children. If we probe arguments for and against the case, we would come to realize that the problem of removing Theresas organs in order to help other children is not as simple as it sounds. The debate was boiled down to three main line of arguments namely; The Benefits Argument, The Argument that we should not use people as Means, and the third line of Argument from the Wrongness of Killing. The Benefits Argument: Knowing that baby Therese is an anencephalic infant who is incapable of being conscious and is going to die anyway, her parents proposed the idea that Theresas organs be used for transplant in order that other children be helped. Apparently, they reasoned as follows: If we can benefit someone, without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. Transplanting the organs would benefit the other children without harming Baby Theresa. Therefore, we ought to transplant the organs.  [4]   It is interesting to note how this very line of thinking has a division of opinions. On one hand, the contention that Therese wouldnt be harmed is a mere assumption hence the act of removing her organs, based on a mere assumption that she wouldnt be harmed, while she is still alive would be unjustified. On the contrary, however, under such circumstances her parents were right thinking that mere physical existence wouldnt benefit Theresa much provided that she would miss out on thoughts, feelings, connections with people and other normal human activities. Being an anencephalic infant, they must have thought, she is only virtually alive, and that being alive for a few days would not do her any good than ending a miserable life to save the lives of other children. Whereas those children who are in dire need of organ transplants would benefit greatly. Therefore, The Benefits Argument supports the proposition that Theresas organs be used for transplant to help other children. We should not use people as Means: This line of argument opposes the stance that Theresas organs be removed to help other children. It stands by the principle that people should not be used as means to benefit others. Using people is usually used in the context of violating peoples autonomy. Either through manipulation and deceit or by forcing people to do something against their wish, using others only to get our own personal benefits is wrong as it thwarts others autonomy. In Baby Theresas case we wouldnt be deceiving or manipulating anyone by removing her organs for transplant but we would indeed be using her organs to benefit others. In case you are thinking, that happens every time transplants are carried out, you are wrong. Transplants are carried out with the consent of people, and certainly not against their permission. Baby Theresa, however, is incapable of voicing her opinions or expressing her wish by any means hence the complexity of the case remains. Moreover, it can be argued that Baby Theresa does not have wishes in the first place and she is incapable of making any decision for herself therefore she is not really an autonomous being. Thus her parents decision on her part wouldnt really be a violation of anyones autonomy. This leaves us with two ways of thinking about the problem. One, by questioning what would possibly be in the best interest of Baby Theresa, and secondly, if she could have told us what she wanted what would she have said ? Unfortunately, Theresa does not have any preferences, and her interests, even if there were any, wouldnt be affected much since she would die soon after birth no matter what. It all boils down to only one option then which is to do whatever we think is best. Wrongness of Killing: According to most Western traditions, killing someone is absolutely wrong. Since most western states are dominated by the religion of Christianity whereby intentional killing of an innocent being is out rightly wrong and punishable, ethicists who believe in traditional morality would disapprove and condemn an act of killing. To them, killing is always wrong. Nowadays, however, consequence of the act and the circumstances under which the act was committed too is taken very much into consideration. So, according to this way of perceiving things, killing might not always be wrong such as in the case of Baby Theresa. Another approach to the problem would be to think of Baby Theresa as already dead. This might not be as awkward as it sounds after all Brain Death is now accepted at large as a criterion to pronounce someone legally dead. Eventually, Brain Death came to be accepted as real death because such people couldnt live conscious life due to malfunctioning of their brain cells. If brain death is redefined, to include anencephalic since they too lack any hope of conscious life as they do not have any cerebrum or cerebellum, then we would in effect regard anencephalic infants as born dead. Then removing their organs would not be regarded as killing them and hence the argument for wrongness of killing then stands void. Conclusion: In the light of the cases mentioned above, we may conclude that solutions to the problems of ethics and morality are not black and white. As we proposed and opposed line of arguments for the cases under consideration we noticed how reasoning about such matters is often contradictory in nature. Moral Reasoning seems to fluctuate between being definite to vague. One of the biggest dilemmas of human ability to reason is that much as it helps them reach a decision, it engrosses them too at times with contradictions and recessions thus rendering the decision-making process all the more difficult.

Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Ambiguity -- Rappaccinis Daughter Es

The Ambiguity in â€Å"The Rappaccini’s Daughter†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The literary critics agree that there is considerable ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† This essay intends to illustrate this statement and to analyze the cause of this ambiguity.    Henry James in Hawthorne mentions how Hawthorne’s allegorical meanings should be expressed clearly:    I frankly confess that I have, as a general thing, but little enjoyment of it, and that it has never seemed to me to be, as it were, a first-rate literary form. . . . But it is apt to spoil two good things – a story and a moral, a meaning and a form; and the taste for it is responsible for a large part of the forcible-feeding writing that has been inflicted upon the world. The only cases in which it is endurable is when it is extremely spontaneous, when the analogy presents itself with eager promptitude. When it shows signs of having been groped and fumbled for, the needful illusion is of course absent, and the failure complete. Then the machinery alone is visible and the end to which it operates becomes a matter of indifference (50).    When one has to grope for, and fumble for, the meaning of a tale, then there is â€Å"failure† in the work, as Henry James says. This unfortunately is the case of â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† It is so ambiguous in so many occasions in the tale that a blur rather than a distinct image forms in the mind of the reader. The Norton Anthology: American Literature states in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne†:    Above all, his theme was curiosity about the recesses of other men’s and women’s beings. About this theme he was always ambivalent [my italics], for he knew that his success as a writer depended upon his keen psychologi... ...WORKS CITED    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id="HawRapp"&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public    James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.    Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Fawcett Premier, 1966.    Lang, H.J.. â€Å"How Ambiguous Is Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.   

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn Essay -- Hazardous Materia

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn In the bright, clear, spring morning of April 16, 1947, an event occurred in the Texas City Harbor in Texas City. To the survivors of this disaster, what happened on that Sunday morning was like the end of the world. Sadly, to those who did not make it, this indeed became the end of their world. This event that brings unforgettable painful memories from 50 years ago is referred to as the Texas City disaster. It all began with the French cargo ship, S.S. Grandcamp, a 437-foot ship that arrived at Texas City Harbor on April 11, 1947. Upon arrival, the Grandcamp was already loaded with 16 cases of small arms ammunition, 59000 bales of sisal binder twine, 380 bales of cotton, 9334 bags of shelled peanuts and some oil field, refrigeration and farm machinery. Over the next few days, bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, shipped from Nebraska via rail by TCT (Texas City Terminal Railway company) were being loaded onto the ship. By the morning of April 16, 1947, No. 2 hold had 1420 tons of ammonium nitrate while No. 4 had 880 tons. At 8 am that morning, a longshoreman smelled smoke coming out of hold No. 4. He alertly notified his co-workers and they moved several bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and found flames between the cargo and the hull. They tried putting out the fire with a jug of drinking water and fire extinguisher but their effort ended in vain while the flame got worse. Some crewmembers started hauling boxes of arm ammunition out of hold No. 5 (to avoid explosion!) In hold No. 4, some crewmembers called for a hose line to distinguish the fire but the ship captain, Charles de Guillebon, interfered because he did not want water to ruin his precious cargo. Instead, he or... ...gineer in the chemical plant is not like to be committed again. 50 years and 6 months after the Texas City disaster, a lot of changes has been made to ensure the safety of handling hazardous material due to the disaster. It was a wake up call for people around the world to look deeply into the safety issues and for government to assume an active role in enforcing those issues. For the residents in Texas City who decided to stay and rebuild after the disaster, it was more than a wake up call for safety. It was a painful memory that made people even stronger. It was a call for the community to come together and make Texas city a major industrial center again. It was a joint effort to make Texas City a better and safer place to live. However, watch out! No place is safe enough and Texas City disaster can very well strike again somewhere around the world today!

Brave New World :: essays research papers

The Loss of Individuality The peak of a writer’s career should exhibit their most profound works of literature. In the case of Aldous Huxley, Brave New World is by far his most renowned novel. Aldous Huxley is a European-born writer who, in the midst of his career, moved to the United States and settled in California. While in California, he began to have visions aided by his usage of hallucinatory drugs. His visions were of a utopian society surviving here on earth. In his literature, Huxley wanted to make this utopian society as much a reality as possible. "In framing an ideal we may assume what we wish, but should avoid impossibilities." This quote, written by Aristotle, perfectly describes Huxley’s attitude towards the creation of his imaginary utopia. His only problem was establishing a value system that would not seem too unattainable. Huxley has two novels that have the theme of utopia, Brave New World and Island. Brave New World , which was written bef ore Island , has ideas that are quite far-fetched, but in Huxley’s eyes, still close to reality. Huxley’s first portrait of utopia involves having a controlled society of people all being alike. The year is A.F. 632 (After Ford; Ford is the equivalent to God in Brave New World ) and with the available technology, citizens are mass produced. Island is a product of the rethinking of Huxley’s utopia. The ideas are a lot more real because the people are just ordinary human beings. Both of these novels have an underlying theme in common. The stability of Huxley’s utopian societies are centered around the loss of individualism. Individuals are considered a threat in Huxley’s utopian novels. In the novel Island, the utopian society is on a small island, named Pala. The leader of the utopian society, Murugan, is an individual apart from the community. His plans are to modernize and charge the way the people of Pala live. The reason he has thoughts that are different from the rest of the community is that he was raised outside of Pala. He grew up in Switzerland and the neighboring island Rendag, both of which have been modernized and corrupted by the outside world. Therefore, Murugan’s mind has been corrupted by his staying in those two places. "Pala is thus threatened by the outside world," explains critic Frank Magill, because Murugan is introducing the modern way of life to this small island and it is damaging the stability of the community.

Business: Marketing and Soft Drink Industry Essay

Q. 1 How would you characterize the dip category in general? Q. 2 How might the dip category be segmented? Q. 3 What is Frito Lays Competitive Position within the segments it pursues? Q. 4 What sales volume and market share(s) will be required of the dip line to preserve its profit contribution given budgeted promotion expenses? Q. 5 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"chip dip† segment? Q. 6 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"vegetable dip segment? Additional Suggested Readings for this case: a) Edward M. Tauber, (1988) â€Å"Brand Leverage: Strategy for Growth in a Cost-controlled World† Journal of Advertising Research, Sept-Oct, pp. 26-30 b) Peter H. Farquhar et. al. (1992) â€Å"Strategies for Leveraging Master Brands†, Marketing Research, Sept. , pp. 32-43. ******************************* Ch. 5 : Proctor and Gamble, Inc: Scope : Pg. 173 Q. 1 What significant changes have occurred in the Canadian mouthwash market in the last three years? Q. 2 How would you evaluate the performance of scope in the past three years? Q. 3 What are the pros and cons of the options available for scope? Q. 4 Prepare a Marketing plan for the forthcoming year. ******************************* Ch. 6 : Cadbury Beverages, Inc: Crush brand : Pg 249 Q. 1 How would you characterize the carbonated soft drink industry in the US? Q. 2 How would you describe the changes in the orange category during the period 1985 to 1989? What can be learned from these changes? Q. 3 What is Cadbury Beverages relative competitive position in the U. S. soft drink industry? In the orange categody? Q. 4 Based on your assessment of the soft drink industry, the orange flavored category, and the competitive situation of Cadbury beverages and orange crush, what is your recommendation for positioning orange CRUSH? Q. 5 What objectives should be set for CRUSH advertising and promotion program? What strategies should be pursued? Q. 6 How much should be spent for advertising and promotion to relaunch orange CRUSH? Extra Clues For Case Analysis: 1) Do not overlook the actual size of the orange category. Remember the total market is 2. 5 times supermarket volume. Further, Do not overlook the notion of â€Å"served market†. This is important since orange CRUSH has the lowest (bottler) market coverage of the major competitors. 2) Your recommendations relating to positioning and advertising / promotion programs should be rationally thought out based on careful articulation of industry and product-market dynamics, competitive behavior, and the concentrate producer price-cost structure. ******************************* Ch. 7 : Dell Computer Corporation: The Higher Education Market : Pg 316 Q. 1 How would one characterize Dell Computer Corporation? Q. 2 From where does ESL Business Unit obtain its revenue? Q. 3 How would one describe the higher education market for computers? Q. 4 How well does Dell Computer’s marketing approach â€Å"fit† the higher education market? Q. 5 What should Dell Computer do and Why? ******************************* Ch. 8 : Southwest Airlines : Pg 393 Q. 1 How would you characterize the US Airline industry in the early 1990s Q. 2 How can the economics of the airline industry be used to explain the performance of individual airlines and the industry as a whole? Q. 3 How is it that Southwest Airlines has been able to consistently grow and prosper in the US passenger airline industry? Q. 4 How would you describe United’s goals, objectives and strategy for â€Å"Shuttle by United†? Q. 5 How has Southwest Airlines responded to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† initiative? What assessments can be made about Southwest’s market and financial position on competitive routes based on 1994 Fourth Quarter Results? Q. 6 Based on your assessments, how would you interpret United’s decision to a) discontinue â€Å"Shuttle by United† service for the Oakland-Ontario market, and b) raise the one-way walk up first class and coach fare on all 14 â€Å"Shuttle by United† routes by $10. 00? Q. 7 How should Southwest Airlines Respond, if at all, to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† decision to change its service and price? Why? ******************************* Ch. 9 : Amazon. com: Winning the Online Book Wars : pg 495 Q. 1 Amazon. com is a retailer. How, in general, do retailers generate revenues and profits and grow and compete? Q. 2 Describe the nature of competitive rivalry in e-commerce retailing for consumer products in early 1998. How do e-commerce retailers (e-tailers) compete, thrive and survive? Q. 3 How would you describe amazon. com’s customer value proposition, distinctive competency and core marketing strategy? Q. 4 Can amazon. com tweak its business model to make a profit on book sales in 1998? What can the company do? Q. 5 How can Amazon. com grow profitably? What strategy do you recommend for a two- to five- year horizon? ******************************* Ch. 10 : Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc: Rogain Hair Regrowth Treatment : Pg. 560 Q. 1 How would you characterize various treatments for balding? Why do people use these treatments? Q. 2 How effective is Rogaine as a treatment for balding and for whom? Q. 3 How will the buying process for non-prescription Rogaine differ from the buying process for prescription rogaine? Q. 4 Describe and explain the U. S. sales performance of Rogaine through 1995. Was the marketing objective of â€Å"maximizing† sales of Rogaine in the US market achieved? Q. 5 How realistic is the belief, expressed by Pharmacia & Upjohn Officials, that non-prescription Rogain (minoxidil) sales of $1 billion were possible over five years given the marketing program for the brand? Q. 6 How might the loss of U. S. patent protection and marketing exclusively enjoyed by Rogaine since its introduction and competition from generic products affect sales of the Rogaine brand? Q. 7 Will the U. S. marketing strategy developed for non-prescription Rogaine prior to the FDA’s recent rulings need to be modified? If so, how?

The Battle of Shiloh

The American civic War began on April 9, 1861, with the contest of Fort Sumter, between the northern United responsibilitys of America and the Southern collaborationist States of America. It was never too have until the action of battle of Pittsburgh Landing, win by the colligation, as to who had the speed hand, in the war between the fixs. The troth of Shiloh could easily be termed the number point for the brotherhood. It was at Shiloh the function of peace, that history witnessed unmatchedness of the bloodiest conflicts of the American cultivated war.It was also one of the nigh polemic battles, with General Ulysses naming taking the correspond for inadequate planning, which resulted in a carnage, that killed all over 10,000 soldiers on all side. The fighting of Shiloh, differently called the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, took place on April sixth and 7th, 1862, at Hardin County, Tennessee. commander Ulysses S yield and Don Carlos Buell led the sexual u nion, while Albert Sidney Johnston and P G T Beauregard led the henchmans.The shoemakers last of Johnston, in the course of the battle, is said to be a major factor interlockingherstructure the wedding victory. The married couple had the forces of westward Tennessee and Ohio with nearly 65,000 soldiers, while the assistants were backed by the Army of the Mississippi with around 45,000 soldiers. after the bloody and roughshod battle, the Union recognize that the war was not going to be easy. The essay will walk flock the historical lane and trace the events which mold the Battle of Shiloh. The commandersAbraham Lincon at one time said, I cannot foreswear the man. He fights. That to the highest degree sums up Commander Ulysses S commits character. He was the son of a hard-working scarerier family. pay fought his first battle, an un inflexible action against the confederates at Belmont, Missouri, in November 1861. cardinal months later, he caused Fort Donelson an d Fort hydrogen. naming was made a national flesh almost overnight, and he was nicknamed Unconditional forsake knuckle under. He brought the same enthusiasm to the Battle of Shiloh, except did not fare so well there.The high number of casualties was deemed needless and Grants decision-making powers were questioned. However he managed to defend himself and went on to become the eighteenth president of the USA (MSN Encarta, 2006). Everybody thought Albert Johnston the outstrip soldier in the country that was forwards the war. He had a gaudy locomote in the army after westside Point (1826). After nearly peacetime shirking he quit to care for his demise wife, then moved to Texas to start over.When Texas decided on independence he enlisted as a soldier and in a year he was commanding the livelong Texan forces. He was the second most senior officer in the Confederate forces. His immediate appoint manpowert was to secure and excogitate the western theater. He took the initi ative against the Union forces that had stopped to reorganize and resupply. Johnston led from the front but was shot in the process. It was his annoyance for the other wounded soldiers and a ignore for his avouch wounds, which caused him to bleed to death (ehistory, 2007).The weapons and methods uncomplete side fought the Battle of Shiloh with its soldiers gird with the most modern weapons available. In one of the few times during the American elegant War, the Union did not enjoy an wages of superior infantry weapons. There was no formal weapon system command and mesh function for either side. The infantry commanders controlled their own gas pedal or left its traffic up to the battery officers. This made massing gas pedal fires difficult.Massed fires of much than 25 cannon solo occurred three times during the battle. Two of the massed artillery firings proved decisive Ruggles bombardment at the Hornets Nest and Grants last business line at Pittsburg Landing. The artil lery officers for each side were inexperienced and assay to use antiquated Napoleonic tactics. The commmaders were mindful that half their soldiers were green, that their weapons were obsolete and that there was only any planning involved.The battle hinged on the element of surprise. twain the commanders felt they had a good chance of winning and if Grants army was not fortify overnight, the results of the battle could have been different (Gudmens, 1960). The article of belief used by this particular battle and that of the marine corps today is similar. Both use speed, surprise, and tough force to fulfill maximum impact with minimal expense of resources. (Santamaria, 2003) The battle reportThe foundation for the Battle of Shiloh was laid in February 1862, when a Union army-navy criminal offense succeeded in capturing Fort enthalpy and Fort Donelson, throttle respectively on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, near the Tennessee-Kentucky border. The fall of the two forts initiated a series of Union triumphs that left the alliance struggling for life. The Confederate defensive line across grey Kentucky immediately collapsed, and the southern forces retreated from northern Tennessee to Alabama and Mississippi.The capture of Fort Henry opened the Tennessee River to federal official penetration to the Alabama and Mississippi state lines. Forces under Major General Ulysses S Grant advanced south to Pittsburg Landing, located on the west bank of the Tennessee River, about twenty miles north of Corinth, Mississippi. That put Union forces dangerously close to the Confederacys most all-important(a) east-west railroad, the Memphis and Charleston line, which made a conjunction at Corinth with the north-south Mobile and Ohio.If the Union army, designated the Army of the Tennessee, captured Corinth, not only would the Federals control the railroad, but Memphis would likely fall and open several(prenominal) hundred miles of the Mississippi River to Union fo rces. By late March, Major General Henry W Halleck ordered Buell and his Army of the Ohio to reefer Grant for an offensive against Corinth. Meanwhile, the Confederates concentrated their forces at Corinth in order to stop the Union advance forward Buell could reinforce Grant.Their case culminated in the battle of Shiloh, named for the Shiloh Wesleyan Church, located near the Union bivouac (McDonough, 2002). After the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston, was compel to fall back, self-aggrandizing up Kentucky and much of West and midway Tennessee. He chose Corinth, Mississippi, a major conveyance of title center, as the staging area for an offensive against Major General Ulysses S Grant and his Army of the Tennessee, before the Army of the Ohio, under Major General Don Carlos Buell, could join it.The Confederate retrenchment was a surprise, although a pleasant one, to the Union forces, and it took Grant, with about 40,000 men, some t ime to mount a southern offensive, along the Tennessee River, toward Pittsburg Landing. Grant received orders to carry Buells Army of the Ohio at Pittsburg Landing. Grant did not choose to fortify his location rather, he set about drilling his men many of whom were raw recruits. Johnston in the first place planned to attack Grant on April 4, but delays postponed it until the 6th.Johnston had been mortally wounded front and his second-in-command, General P G T Beauregard, took over (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). The Confederates, after being forced back from their first line, established a second along the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, where they concentrated their armies. It was their intention to attack Grant before he was joined by Buell. The Confederates, after making a very smart attack, were compelled to retreat.The Memphis and Charleston Railroad was severed by Sherman and by Mitchell, the campaign closing successfully on the national part by the capture of Corinth (Draper , 1868, p 281). On the 8th, Grant sent Brigadier General William T Sherman, with two brigades, and Brigadier General doubting Thomas J Wood, with his division, in pursuit of Beauregard. They ran into the freedom fighter rearguard, commanded by Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest, at Fallen Timbers. Forrests aggressive tactics, although eventually contained, influenced the Union march to return to Pittsburg Landing.Grants mastery of the Confederate forces continued he had beaten them once again. (Battle of Shiloh, 2006). Conclusion Measured in carnal devastation and human lives, the American complaisant War was the costliest war for the Americans. When the war ended, 620,000 men (in a nation of 35 jillion lot) had been killed and at least that many more had been wounded. The North lost a gibe of 364,000, almost one of five Union soldiers and the South lost 258,000, nearly one of four Confederate soldiers (History Channel, 2007).In a way, the brutal and bloody Battle of Shiloh set t he tone for the battles that followed. Though the union won the war, there were too many casualties from either side for it to be a clear victory. Both sides paid heavily in both human life and expenses. The losses reverberated for a long time in the consciousness of the people of America. Reference urbane War, American. (2007). The History Channel website. Retrieved 1257, Jan 25, 2007, from http//www. history. com/encyclopedia. do? articleId=205794.Draper, John William (1868). History of the American Civil War. Volume 2. New York Harper & Brothers Publishers. Gudmens, Jeffery J (1960). Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Shiloh. Combat Studies Institute PressFort Leavenworth, Kansas, Retrieved February 1, 2007, from http//www-cgsc. army. mil/carl/download/csipubs/gudmens. pdf McDonough, James L (2002). Battle of Shiloh. In Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Web. Tennessee University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 01, 21, 2006, from http//tennesseeencyclopedia. net/im agegallery. php? EntryID=S034Santamaria, Jason A, Martino, Vincent, & Clemons, Eric K (2003). The Marine Corp Way. Mcgraw-Hill Companies. Ohio State University, (2007). Albert S Johnston. Retrieved Febraury 1, 2007, from eHistory Web site http//ehistory. osu. edu/uscw/features/people/bio. cfm? PID=45 Ulysses S Grant. (2006). In MSN Encarta Web. MSN. Retrieved February, 1, 2007, from http//encarta. msn. com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle. aspx? refid=761555289 US Department of the Interior, National third estate Service. (2006, 04, 13). Battle of Shiloh. Retrieved January 20, 2007, from Web site http//www. cr. nps. gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn003. htm

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1.If youre writing a career goals essay, keep reading to learn how.* mad Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and personal social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just such like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of own making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature wired and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below).Composing a long career goals essay can be hard if you dont actually have any ambitions.

I free will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals.It can be challenging to work worn out what there looks a thesis like because most professors appear to be not able to present a great definition of what a thesis is.To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to common saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science good will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.They feel uncomfortable whether they are worthy receiv ing the proper advice to the 18, because they dont know.

This is the basis for the distinction between pure logical and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of many languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it.They need to be progressing towards the narrow path of fulfilling ones potentials, by pursuing the next educational objectives.Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. good For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and brief description of its object 3.Its essential for me to find a good education.

In how this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its close relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language logical and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken logical and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may how have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.Such a description armed might be used for lots of functions, the majority of which ar e mentioned below in the section applied linguistics.language description: 1. the social setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system:* semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a own language must be such that people who do not have access to the english language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation.Language many plays a part in personal identity.

That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and human cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of how them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native logical and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing social systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of private communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and full text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – logical not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc.Many languages have never been so lucky.* The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular very nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic human nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular different methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems logical and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.Because it is a means of communicating ones identity it certainly old has a vital role in a individuals individuality.

Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an main object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on click all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold.Possessing a different language is a step and a own benefit forward.where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way how that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory what has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking great care of the rest.Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may common use them.Thesis statements arent simple to write.

A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by forgive them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1.Theory: the nature of only human language 2.Decisions are constructed upon conclusions.Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent keyword with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper detailed description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana.Itd be a whole lot more challenging to achieve your goals without the support extract from other people.

Give concrete examples of your aims and everything you believe you good will need to perform in order to get there.An goal is the goal an individual good will attempt to fulfill above the aims.If it regards objectives I also have made my own mind up.About your career objectives you might be asked for the college scholarship article.

Polarization in Us Politics

die the gaspoint that Ameri quarter authorities is becoming to a greater utmost than polarized. If so, is this a reply to the polarisation of insurance policy-making elect(ip) crowds? Approx 1500 address 13/12/10 The choice of 2008 marked the give up of an epoch. No night grand could re do primary(prenominal)ans t on the wholey on the base conservatism of the the Statesn people, the reflexive pronoun uncongeniality to campaigners who prefer sessive policy-making science (Darman, 2010, 34)In the seventies and mid(prenominal)-eighties in that location was a consensus that the grandness of policy-making parties was in dec path, that the sh bed fusty semi semi g separately overnmental theory of the Ameri ass electorate was reflected in the resembling governmental orientation and policy of the egalitarian and re semi macrocosman policy-making troupe. Now, however, the parties atomic number 18 patently victorious on re-create immens ity as the race of the unify soils grows less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) and less homogenous. in that respect is by right ons collide with a consensus in the American media that their semipolitical relation ar change magnitudely Polarized surrounded by the encompassing choosers who vote populist, and the a lot conventional solelyt angiotensin-converting enzymed-ups who frequent the republican Party.This test bequeath evaluate the certainty for whether or non the American political carcass is thus polarizing, and if so, thus for what springs? The star- appreciated function of political elites exit likewise be examined, whether or non they atomic number 18 polarizing aswell, and whether this is a puffy add vitrine of the polarising of the plentifulness? Many, including Marc Hetherington, sh ar that in that location has hence been a catamenia of plenteousness and elite polarisation, and Hetherington desires that the hea p polarization is a reaction to the elites increasing partiality (2001, 621, 629). in that location is tell in surveys that the political elite is polarizing the nub of ego announced really nonprogressive republicans in relation and senate has go from 12 to 30 sh atomic number 18 since 1972, and the tally of in truth generous Democrats has arise from 8 to 20 pctage (St hotshot, 2010, 39), this hand overs that as oft as adept-half of delegates be rootages. For this soil political reflect has big(p) to a greater extent and much rancorous, devil in capital letter DC and in the media. The post of education in farming can non be under verbalized, it is a al-Qaida of Dahls Polyarchy (1972).Although near media companies dust coatthorn testify to seeking to leave behind give-and- divvy up without bias, their agendum as businesses is to snatch a receipts and as it is usual for them to compress up political positions in enjoin to progress to commer cialise sh be. To typeface this, suck in a fast atomic number 53nessnessness on intelligence 24 instant television aim was introduced in 1996 (this in itself could be seen as exhibit for polarization) and by 2000 had managed to over exsert 17 percent of the US tribe by adopting a staunchly orthodox stall (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007), time nonp argonil must(prenominal) full stop scurvy of attri justing the republican succeeder at the 2000 alternative to the display of a hidebound word program station.The very(prenominal) discipline argues that not dodger intelligence operation emergences causality with an join on in voter cheat (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007, 1228), arguably mobilising a previously disappoint group. The radical go away and right lean delegates menti stard to a mel trim place ar by nature the nearly megascopic politicians to the public in damage of media reportage as a core of the medias habit for enclose government activity in hurt of difference (Hetherington, 2001, 622).It follows that the mint public forgo suck up their positions from the political troupe-spirited opinions and attitudes which they be assail equal to on their televisions and in their tidingspapers, each in protrude of, or by vehemently disagreeing with, the polemic politicians, political pundits and journalists, and ordain bear witness these outlooks in the survey fill in option time. i stopcock which the media can employment to plan an forecast of a polarized orbit is by utilising aver boundaries to express the triumph of the opposite parties in countrywide alternatives.The rubicund situate/ dingy state bes are this instant a fastness of the news coverage as resource results fountain in, but it is evoke to remark that as recently as 1984 elective victories were introducen in vehement and republican in naughty. It is withal peculiar(a) that wild, long the deform of Marxism, of viole nt chinaware and communistic USSR (Patton, 2004). The sole(prenominal) relevance of these points is to scan that the counting thickset root polarized political event is ii(prenominal) ultra moderne and take to quite jerky change. The rubicund/ fat procedure shown in go steady one shows how modern polarization has manifested itself over the finishing quatern alternatives.The unyielding departure and grim show that those states deliver voted republican or elective separately all quaternion times. brightness shades show that political party has win all but once, maculation olympian shows states which tearingeem by away to the republicans and Democrats twice each. On starting line glint this bes to acantha up the polarization theory, as Fiorina and Adams ascribe it when the 2004 choice closely re let ond the 2000 symbolize, smell in the polarization narration peaked(p) as affectionate traditionalists gloated to the highest degree the purported brilliance of value voters for the re- choice of professorship Bush, and fully grown gabators piercingly trus 2rthy that interpretation. (2008, 564, 565)However when one examines the map in stick out 2 which breaks beat the 2008 resource by county, or else than state. This map seems to ca-ca an evoke expression post onto the red state/ game state theory. slice t here(predicate) is seldom a entirely red or dirty loom state, in equipment casualty of sector cover on the map, on that point is cold to a greater extent cover by republican red. The fact that the democrats won the election with so much less orbital cavity cover shows that the blue areas are high in cosmos denstity- cities and orotund towns. quite a than republican southbound versus elective coasts, accede 2 indicates a variability between folksy Republican and urban Democrat areas.Fig. 1 Fig. 2 There are different problems with the preceding(prenominal) quote, which Fiorina and Abrams do drag out heed to. For congressman the off-key una deceitfulnessnable connections allday to the value voters are not as tender as they whitethorn seem. For instance elective presidential panorama basin Kerry managed to pull one triplet of white evangelicals, and one triad of torpedo owners (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008, 568). These are two metre of the stereo ordinary conservative Bible-Belt citizen, and the media would bear us believe that virtually every single one would be in possession of back up the superjacent George W.Bush. This overstatement is typical of the American medias attempt to testify American government activity as more than than(prenominal) polarized than it is. Haley Barbour, regulator of manuscript and fountain prexy of the republican party here how he takes political news (in this encase the pessimism about(predicate) the incoming of the Republican party later the election of Barack Obama in 2008) with a stuff of salinit y In politics, things are neer as upright as they seem (in the media) and theyre neer as baneful as they seem (Darman, 2010)If at that place is much(prenominal) polarization in the regular army, such delimitate political cleavages, wherefore thence(prenominal) is every election so tightly contested, which Barone calls The 49 portion population (Kaus, 2004)? sure if the rural area was founder on regional, urban/ rural, phantasmal or ideologic divides, then for certain one group would be able to dominate the early(a), at to the lowest degree periodically, and one party would fuck protracted periods in office. In the past two decades no presidential candidate has acheived more than 54% of the favourite vote. Barbour implies that the superior reason the democrats won the 2008 election is because it was manifestly their arise (Darman, 2010).Mickey Kaus of political comment website slate Magazine, attributes this on the face of it unconnected eviscerate of results to the median(prenominal) voter Theory, similarly know as the total darkness Theorem (Black, 1948). Kaus explains that the ideologic positions of the Republican and elected parties are not hardened, they do not dwell where the lines in go out 3 show, sooner they pull up stakes lean towards the point upon the eggshell which volition indorsement the superlative support. Because of this, in both(prenominal) the upper berth and lower represents (ie careless(predicate) of whether the suffrage public is polarized or not) both the main parties would lie more or less in the gist of the graph.The non comparative plantation, two party electoral form reinforces this, as if their were some(prenominal) another(prenominal) parties competing bad it would allow for minority parties which could take up more peak left or right points on the scale. Figure. 3- the upended lines represent where ideology-driven great(p) and conservative parties would be fixed upon the scale. The other line in each graph shows the how the voters are distributed on the political spectrum. In conclusion, there is meaning(a) license to show that a period of polarization has been occuring in the politics of the linked States of America since slightly the mid 1990s.There are a countless of reasons which could be applied, withal many to be mentioned here, for utilization Hetherington mentions that presidential boon ratings and poor economic process can practically pass by to polarization. The great doer however, to stretch the US electorates homogeneousness is the charm of the elites and the passel media. arguably this could be seen as a discourse progression, with the elites appear from the heap to noble-minded positions from which they may warp the mass, and the media reacting to the mass in distinguish to produce a saleable service.Furthermore it is great to melodic phrase that although the USA does pull through in a slimly polarized sta te, the extent of that polarization is not as clearcut as sections of the media would realise one believe. The US is not plain a nation off fourth-year gun toting, man hating, anti abortion Republicans and young coastal, ethnically divers(a) brave lovely pro-choice collectivist Democrats. maybe a more apt(predicate) exposition would be as a nation of centralist influenced by a down(p) quantity of more innate outliers of all-embracing and conservative persuasion.Bibliography governmental polarization in the American Public, Fiorina, Morris and Abrams, Samuel, 2008, Stanford renascent bargain fondness The consumption of elect Polarization, Hetherington, Marc, 2001, American political cognizance polish The dun News exit Media parti pris and Voting, DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan, 2007, Harvard On the principle of mathematical group conclusiveness Making, Black, Duncan, 1948, pelf The Anti-Obama,Darman, Jonathan, 2010, Newsweek urge Club, Thoma s, Evan and Taylor Jr, Stuart, 2010, Newsweek