Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management - Essay Example In this context, the management of risk has become an indispensable part of strategic management. It should be noted that the risk management approaches used by businesses worldwide are not standardized. This means that organizations of different size and characteristics can choose the risk management approach that best suits to their needs. Current paper focuses on risk as an element of the project management. Reference is made to a particular company, the Informative Web Systems (IWS). The firm operates in the Australian market for about a decade. Since last year, the performance of the firm has been deteriorated, being decreased for about 8% compared to 2009. The failures of the project risk management of the firm have been considered as responsible for this outcome. The current project risk management of the firm is evaluated compared to other project risk management approaches – as presented in the literature. ... In businesses the effects of risk are usually related to the decrease of organizational performance. The level at which risk can be estimated by reviewing the common consequences of similar risks in businesses operating in the same industrial sector (Khosrowpour 2001, 142). In accordance with Kaye and Graham (2006, 6) one of the most usual characteristics of risk is that it cannot be fully eliminated; it can always appear, in different forms, even it has been already faced successfully. Moreover, Bowden, Lane and Martin (2001, 5) note that the failures in managing risk can have a series of consequences for the businesses involved, including ‘sanctions for directors, civil claims and legal costs’ (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 5). The effective management of risk means that risk related to the operations of a particular organization is effectively identified and addressed (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 165). Referring specifically to the risks related to projects, Merna a nd Al-Thani (2008, 42) noted that the management of such risk refers to a series of non-monetary issues/ needs, such as: environment, people, ethics and quality (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008, 42). 2.2 Project risk management approaches in Informative Web Systems (IWS) 2.2.1 Project risk management in IWS - overview One of the priorities of the project risk management approach used in Informative Web Systems is the limitation of risk in the beginning of each project – reference is made to the risks related to the initial phases of the firm’s projects. Because of the need for continuous update of the technology involved in the development of the firm’s project, the risk management approach developed by the firm’s managers has been based on the following principles: a) risk related to

The Power of a Complaint Letter Essay Example for Free

The Power of a Complaint Letter Essay Every business hungers to be successful. Businesses want to put their best foot forward, and their best product to the consumer. However, on occasion, people become upset or disappointed when the product or service does not reach expectation. In this case, businesses often receive the dreaded complaint letter from customers. The purpose of a complaint letter is to bring a grievance to the attention of an owner or manager of the business, so action can be taken as soon as possible. When writing a complaint letter it is important to include appeals to the audience, structure of the letter, tone, and context. Also keep in mind, that playing into the emotions by usage of ethos, pathos, and logos can positively sway the result. Three complaint letters written by Ken Thomas, Chad Bradley, and Kyle Westergren are about having recently bought a pair of shoes from Reebok, PUMA, and Cool Sports Inc. Complaint letters are the reason that businesses strive to please their customers, and take into consideration the constructive criticism of another person. Before crafting an effective complaint letter, one must first realize who their audience is, and what the purpose is. Consider who will be reading the letter and how likely or unlikely it is that the recipient will be sympathetic toward the complaint presented. Be clear on solutions given, and what can be done in return to fix the problem. The writers of a complaint letter want to address their issue by appealing to a specific audience. This audience could be board members, general managers, or even CEOs. In this case, the three complaint letters written by Thomas, Bradley, and Westergren, have expressed their problem to the general managers of the stores in which they purchased the shoes, and are seeking some sort of credit towards a new pair of shoes. By asking for a credit, one also wants to provide the reader with reason as to why restitution is being asked of, which is why one must first recognize the organization and structure of a persuasive complaint letter. The basic context and structure of a complaint letter is pretty simple. Usually, the letters will first contain a heading in the upper left hand corner. It will include all the credentials of the writer and business, including the address of both the addresser and addressee. Then, there is a greeting, such as â€Å"Dear Sir or Madam†. I have written a complaint letter before and usually put â€Å"To Whom It May Concern†, because it may be forwarded to different departments of the company. The opening paragraph should also include context of the situation. The context is basically a form of background information. In the letter written by Chad Bradley, he explains how he had left his shoes in his front porch overnight, and now they had shrunk at least three sizes (Bradley). This type of information should help picture the situation and should provide the writer’s problem to the reader. An account or tracking number can also be beneficial to the reader so that he or she may reference the order, see exactly what was purchased, and how much of a credit should be given if need be. The next section of the letter should include relevant dates or times of when the merchandise was purchased. In the letter to Cool Sports Inc. by Ken Thomas, he explains the chain of dates throughout his order. â€Å"I had been looking at your website since the beginning of June, placed my order on June 21st, and received my package on June 26th† (Thomas). This clarification of time can help the reader produce a timeframe of the events. The last section of a well-written complaint letter explains what type of restitution the writer wishes to receive; it shows the reader of the assertiveness the writer is trying to prove, without being rude or offensive. â€Å"To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged on my credit card† (Thomas) explains what Thomas would like done in order to please him, and resolve the issue. When writing a complaint letter, one does not want to be rude to the reader, because a temperamental, rude letter will not go far. By being assertive, yet respectful, one can achieve proper settlement. Now that a basic structure is known when writing a complaint letter, one must appeal to the reader by use of logic. Appealing to logic, or logos, includes both an overall argument and the evidence used to support the argument. To build an effective argument, one must first provide some sort of background information to provide the reader with context as to why the letter is being written in the first place. This was done in the previous paragraph to also show the chain of events in order for the reader to know the timeframe of the situation. In Westergren’s letter, he clearly states why he is upset: â€Å"The problem came when these sneakers turned out no different than the last two pairs, and fell apart. I expect quality when making a purchase, especially when spending almost $100 on shoes. † Westergren clearly states his problem, and I feel he plays a little bit into pathos as well by accusing the company of selling low quality materials. Once one has identified their primary arguments, provide supporting evidence such as details as to what happened to the product, how long ago the product was purchased, and were there other products of the same brand that this has also happened to. By explaining this information to them, it can provide the company with the knowledge that it may not have happened to just you, the writer, but other valued customers as well. Logical appeals are most effective in complaint letters when they are based on both reasoning and credible, supporting evidence. Some people feel it is beneficial to play the â€Å"poor me† card when writing a letter, by directly channeling to the readers moral emotion; pathos. When appealing to readers’ emotions, or pathos, one can also strengthen a complaint letter, especially when wanting to convince the audience. Emotional appeals can be engaging to the audience, but the use of pathos should be appropriate to the situation and the audience. If one is writing a letter of complaint to a shoe manufacturer, in this case, with the intention of receiving a replacement product or account credit, one should appeal to the readers emotions in such a way that she or he can identify with the same concerns so that it does not happen again. Bradley explains in his letter beforehand that this is his only pair of running shoes, works at a gym, and does an incredible job in his last paragraph of expressing pathos. I blame Reebok as much as myself for the shrunken shoes, but now I am worried that I may lose my job, and I do not know where else to turn† (Bradley). By this statement, he is invoking the reader to feel sorry for him, and assuring he is unable to do his job without a pair of running shoes. On the other hand, avoid expressing emotion in such a way that your audience will feel angered or aliena ted. This type of slander will only anger the manager or owner, and nothing will be done of the issue. In complaint letters, one can make strong emotional ties through the use of compelling supporting evidence and persuasive language. One must also make sure to not forget the powerful evidence of credibility when trying to prove the worthiness of a settlement. Appealing to authority, or ethos, begins with one’s own credibility or trustworthiness. In a complaint letter, one can appeal to authority through overall tone as the writer. One must convince the audience of respectfulness towards them and truthfulness about the subject. One can do this by using language that is fair and unbiased. One can also use examples and illustrations that show how well-known the subject is. Such evidence could be how long one has known the business or been a customer since. Westergren provides a perfect example of establishing his credibility in his opening paragraph. â€Å"I really enjoy the style and type of sneaker your company makes (PUMA) because it is a unique style, and that is my reasoning for being a repeat customer for more than 5 years. By stating this, Westergren shows that he has been a satisfied customer for over five years, and now is shocked that he found a flaw in this company, which is the reason he is now writing this letter. Another example comes from Ken Thomas’s letter: â€Å"I have been a satisfied customer for many years, and this is the first time I have encountered a problem with your company. † This quote also shows that Thomas has been a customer for many years, and is also shocked to have had an issue. By stating that you, as a customer, have bought many years’ worth of merchandise from a company or business shows that you, as the customer, know what quality is expected. Taking the time to use ethos in a complaint letter helps to build greater trust and establishes credibility in a positive way for the writer. Lastly, the tone of the writer can cause all of the other appeals to be thrown out, because if the writer has a tone where it is insulting, slandering, or rude, the reader will toss it aside. In order to have the letter read, one must appeal to an assertive, yet polite form of writing. Tone by definition is the writers’ attitude toward the reader, and subject of the message. â€Å"Me, I prefer to stay with the classics: a nice suit, a warm cardigan, socks from Marks Spencer, that kind of thing† (Bradley) shows that Bradley is almost joking with the reader when he writes this statement. He is trying to form a personal connection with the reader, because the reader might agree with his form of style. I feel that by opening yourself up to the reader will show that anger, haste, and revenge are not in the idea behind the letter, but simply the need for a credit, or new pair of hoes. The purpose of a complaint letter is not to slander or be disrespectful to the company or business, but to state your opinion, the problem, and a reasonable solution so that you, as the customer, can tell others of the experience, and provide positive feedback to others as well. By using logic to explain the problem, pathos to explain the problems that are now happening, and ethos to establish why a credit should be received, a writer of a complaint letter can easily earn the respect from a business. By also appealing to the context, which provides background information of the situation, and audience to provide a stance as to who you are trying to reach out to, and voice to still be respectful to the reader, one can ultimately put together a fierce argument, with solid evidence, and an all-around worthy letter. Businesses are always striving to have the highest ratings of their customers, and by taking in the criticism of a few letters, can provide the highest quality service possible.

An Analysis Of The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

An Analysis of The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Gerald Golding, is a remarkable piece of literature that discusses many important topics while remaining an enjoyable read. One of the important topics that is discussed in the novel is human nature. Many aspects of human nature is depicted in the book, but one major is the development of a man's personality and character. This aspect of human idiosyncrasy is portrayed through the development of Ralph, the main character and protagonist of the novel. Ralph's development from innocent, irresponsible, playful adolescent to a tough, self-reliant man shows how the hardships and turmoil of life can greatly effect a person's character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story takes place on a deserted island after a plane crash strands a group of adolescent boys. The boys are forced to learn how to live on the land without any resources or adult assistance. The group chooses Ralph as their leader and gives him the responsibility of guiding the group. Ralph's main enemy and adversary is Jack, the appointed leader of the savage hunters. The boys go through many trials and hardships while on the island including the dangers of the jungle, finding food, and remaining a functional group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel's main focus is on Ralph and his experiences on the island. As leader of the group, Ralph has a great deal of responsibility and must learn how to work with this responsibility. Through the course of the story, Ralph changes from an adolescent child to a mature person, but ends up breaking down at the end of the novel. This aspect of Ralph's character is a way that Golding depicts human behavior in society, which is the main theme of the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the novel begins, Ralph is portrayed as being a normal adolescent who is irresponsible and negligent. Even when he is chosen as leader, he still is depicted as an inexperience boy. One example of this childish action is seen at the beginning of the novel when Ralph plays games while doing serious work. By doing things like this Ralph tries to show the freedom the boys have without any adult supervision. These are not the acts of a responsible leader and is something that Ralph soon comes to regret.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With progression of the story, Ralph's attitudes change as he becomes more responsible and mature. He realizes the importance of being a responsible leader and begins to guide the other boys more. Ralph begins to try to convince the others that they act with the groups best interest at hand and tells them to

Society?s Arthurian Variety :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writers have reflected the differences in society and individual opinions over many years in their writing by slightly altering the plot of Arthurian Romances to appeal to the interests of their community. Arthurian Romances, at early times, were written with themes of magic and violence whereas legends from later times attributed critical turning points in the plot to the power of love and were more involved, containing a long list of characters. Also affecting the differences in the times are the writer’s nationality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earlier Arthurian Romances were written by Celts. Their warrior mentality led the writers to depict gruesome and violent legends. The beginning of The Wife of Bath’s Tale (Canterbury Tales) blatantly describes a knight, who is supposed to uphold the strict regiment of chivalry, violently raping a virgin at first glance. Such an occurrence commonly appears throughout Celtic Arthurian Romances and is a reminder of the life of war that they led. The rest of The Wife of Bath’s Tale has mystical pretences, signifying the Celt’s belief in the gods of good and evil. The answer to the question of which the malicious knight was questing for was held by a deceptive witch, who appears to be a rich young woman after gaining the knight’s respect. The writing style of the Celts also makes the tale appear to be more mysterious by their to-the-point storytelling by leaving out the details which make tales seem real to the audience, in many cases not ev en giving their characters names instead of positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the French perspective, Arthurian Romances took on a whole new profile. Many intertwined characters with elegant names such as Lancelot and Gwenyvere, from Excalibur, promote honor and a strong reverence of love. Whereas knights commonly took advantage of their animal instincts in the Celtic tales, they upheld a strict code of honor, chivalry, from the French perspective. The struggle within Lancelot and Gwenyvere to discover why their hearts wanted to make the wrong decision when they already had the right and best situation shows that the French did not totally understand the nature of love and believed it to be unpredictable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthurian Romances have been depicted in many different ways to tell the same story in the end, but the contrast between the Celtic and French versions sticks out like a sore thumb.

Analysis on TATA group Essay

Introduction Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, India. It encompasses seven business sectors: communications and information technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Tata Group was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company. It has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents. Tata Group has over 100 operating companies with each of them operating independently. Out of them 32 are publicly listed. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan Industries, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels. The combined market capitalisation of all the 32 listed Tata companies was INR 8.2 Trillion ($ 138 billion) as of July 2014. Tata receives more than 58% of its revenue from outside India. Tata companies and details their business: Chemicals Tata Chemicals Rallis India Tata Pigments Limited General Chemical Industrial Products Brunner Mond Advinus Therapeutics Magadi Soda Company Consumer products Tata Salt I-shakti Casa Dà ©cor Tata Swach Tata Global Beverages Tata Tea Limited is the world’s second largest manufacturer of packaged tea and tea products. Tata Starbucks, is a 50:50 joint venture company, owned by Starbucks Corporation and Tata Global Beverages Eight O’Clock Coffee Tetley Tata Coffee Himalayan, Mount Everest Mineral Water’s natural mineral water brand Tata Ceramics Infiniti Retail (CromÄ ) Tata Industries Titan Industries Trent (Westside) Landmark Bookstores Tata Sky Voltas, consumer electronics company Tata International Ltd. Tanishq Fastrack, Largest & Trendiest Youth Fashion Brand in India Titan Eye+, World class Optical Stores from Titan Industries Tata Refractories Westland Engineering TAL Manufacturing Solutions Tata AutoComp Systems Limited (TACO) Hispano Carrocera Tata Motors, manufacturer of commercial vehicles (largest in India) and passenger cars Jaguar Land Rover (Manager of Tata’s British brands Jaguar cars and Land Rover) Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Tata Projects Tata Technologies Limited Tata Consulting Engineers Limited Tata Cummins Telco Construction Equipment TRF Voltas Global Engineering Centre Tata Advanced Materials Tata Advanced Systems Tata Motors European Technical Centre Tata Petrodyne Tata Precision Industries Telcon Construction Equipment Steel Tata Steel Tata Steel Europe Tata Steel KZN Tata Steel Processing and Distribution JAMIPOL NatSteel Holdings Tata BlueScope Steel Tata Metaliks Tata Sponge Iron Tayo Rolls Literature review What is SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT matrix) is a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project or in a business venture. A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a product, place, industry or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. Strengths: characteristics of the business or project that give it an advantage over others. Weaknesses: characteristics that place the business or project at a disadvantage relative to others Opportunities: elements that the project could exploit to its advantage Threats: elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or project How SWOT affects strategic decisions The main advantages of conducting a SWOT analysis is that it has little or no cost – anyone who understands your business can perform a SWOT analysis. You can also use a SWOT analysis when you don’t have much time to address a complex situation. This means that you can take steps towards improving your business without the expense of an external consultant or business adviser.Another advantage of a SWOT analysis is that it concentrates on the most important factors affecting your business. Using a SWOT, you can: understand your business better address weaknesses deter threats capitalise on opportunities take advantage of your strengths develop business goals and strategies for achieving them. BCG matrix The growth–share matrix (aka the product portfolio, BCG-matrix, Boston matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis, portfolio diagram) is a chart that was created by Bruce D. Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations to analyze their business units, that is, their product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analysis. Analysis of market performance by firms using its principles has recently called its usefulness into question. Cash cows is where a company has high market share in a slow-growing industry. These units typically generate cash in excess of the amount of cash needed to maintain the business. They are regarded as staid and boring, in a â€Å"mature† market, yet corporations value owning them due to their cash generating qualities. They are to be â€Å"milked† continuously with as little investment as possible, since such investment would be wasted in an industry with low growth. Dogs, more charitably called pets, are units with low market share in a mature, slow-growing industry. These units typically â€Å"break even†, generating barely enough cash to maintain the business’s market share. Though owning a break-even unit provides the social benefit of providing jobs and possible synergies that assist other business units, from an accounting point of view such a unit is worthless, not generating cash for the company. They depress a profitable company’s return on assets ratio, used by many investors to judge how well a company is being managed. Dogs, it is thought, should be sold off. Question marks (also known as problem children) are business operating in a high market growth, but having a low market share. They are a starting point for most businesses. Question marks have a potenti al to gain market share and become stars, and eventually cash cows when market growth slows. If question marks do not succeed in becoming  a market leader, then after perhaps years of cash consumption, they will degenerate into dogs when market growth declines. Question marks must be analyzed carefully in order to determine whether they are worth the investment required to grow market share. Stars are units with a high market share in a fast-growing industry. They are graduated question marks with a market or niche leading trajectory, for example: amongst market share front-runners in a high-growth sector, and/or having a monopolistic or increasingly dominant USP with burgeoning/fortuitous proposition drive(s) from: novelty (e.g. Last.FM upon CBS Interactive’s due diligence), fashion/promotion (e.g. newly prestigious celebrity branded fragrances), customer loyalty (e.g. greenfield or military/gang enforcement backed, and/or innovative, grey-market/illicit retail of addictive drugs, for instance the British East India Company’s, late-1700s opium-based Qianlong Emperor embargo-busting, Canton System), goodwill (e.g. monopsonies) and/or gearing (e.g. oligopolies, for instance Portland cement producers near boomtowns),[citation needed] etc. The hope is that stars become next cash cows. Porter five forces analysis Porter five forces analysis is a framework to analyze level of competition within an industry and business strategy development. It draws upon industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching â€Å"pure competition†, in which available profits for all firms are driven to normal profit. This analysis is associated with its principal innovator Michael E. Porter of Harvard University (as of 2014). 1. Threat of new entrants 2. Threat of substitute products or services 3. Bargaining power of customers (buyers) 4. Bargaining power of suppliers 5. Intensity of competitive rivalry Organizational Structure An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizations are a variant of clustered entities. An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs. Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational structure affects organizational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to w hat extent their views shape the organization’s actions. Findings & Analysis: Strengths: The internationalization strategy so far has been to keep local managers in new acquisitions, and to only transplant a couple of senior managers from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to exchange expertise. For example after the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work discipline and how to get the final product ‘right first time.’ The company has had a successful alliance with Italian mass producer Fiat since 2006. This has enhanced the product portfolio for Tata and Fiat in terms of production and knowledge exchange. For example, the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007, and the companies have an agreement to build a pick-up targeted at Central and South America. Weaknesses: The company’s passenger car products are based upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which put Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with competing car manufacturers. Despite buying the Jaguar and Land Rover brands (see opportunities below); Tata has not got a foothold in the luxury car segment in its domestic, Indian market. One weakness which is often not recognised is that in English the word ‘tat’ means rubbish. Would the brand sensitive British consumer ever buy into such a brand? Maybe not. Opportunities: In the summer of 2008 Tata Motor’s announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from Ford Motors for  UK  £2.3 million. Two of the World’s luxury car brand have been added to its portfolio of brands. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motor’s Commercial vehicle business in 2004 for around USD $16 million. Nano is the cheapest car in the World – retailing at little more than a motorbike. Whilst the World is getting ready for greener alternatives to gas-guzzlers, is the Nano the answer in terms of concept or brand? Threats: Other competing car manufacturers have been in the passenger car business for 40, 50 or more years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production. Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. Rising prices in the global economy could pose a threat to Tata Motors Limited on a couple of fronts. The price of steel and aluminium is increasing putting pressure on the costs of production.

munich massacre essays

munich massacre essays As soon as Ilana Romana heard about the situation in Munich, she expected the worst: I knew who he was. He would not sit quietly. He was not the type. I knew it would end badly. She spoke of her husband, and, unfortunately, her prediction was correct. Earlier that day, her husband, Yossef, and his teammates were awoken by Arab terrorists beginning an episode that would result in the death of eleven Israeli athletes and forever scar the 1972 Olympics, leaving the games to be remembered for the years to come as the Munich Massacre. Most Germans hoped that the 1972 Olympics would help to heal the racial damage caused by the 1936 Olympics. It was the first time the games had returned to the state since Nazism and Adolph Hitler were in full stride; the first time the games were held in Germany since Hitler had tried to use them as a way to show the superiority of his Aryan race on a worlds stage. At this time, the world was still in political unrest as the Vietnam War raged on, racial tensions in the United States continued, and violence persisted in the Middle East. German president Gustav Heinemann welcomed the Olympics as a milestone on the road to a new way of life with the aim of realizing peaceful coexistence among peoples. His goal was not meant to be, however. At approximately four oclock in the morning on September 5, 1972 (six days before the end of the games), Yossef Gutfreund, a 275 pound wrestling referee, reacted to the sound of Arab voices behind the door of the apartment where he and other Israeli athletes were staying. The terrorists had accessed the building unnoticed as they were dressed in athletic warm-ups and carried their weapons in gym bags. Gutfreund quickly alerted his roommates that something was wrong and proceeded to push his body against the door in an effort to prevent Arab entrance. His efforts were successful for only a few moments, howe...

HMS Hood in World War II

HMS Hood in World War II HMS Hood - Overview: Nation: Great Britain Type: Battlecruiser Shipyard: John Brown Company Laid Down: September 1, 1916 Launched: August 22, 1918 Commissioned: May 15, 1920 Fate: Sunk on May 24, 1940 HMS Hood - Specifications: Displacement: 47,430 tons Length: 860 ft., 7 in. Beam: 104 ft. 2 in. Draft: 32 ft. Propulsion: 4 shafts, Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, 24 Yarrow water-tube boilers Speed: 31 knots (1920), 28 knots (1940) Range: 5,332 miles at 20 knots Complement: 1,169-1,418 men HMS Hood - Armament (1941): Guns 8 x BL 15-inch Mk I guns (4 turrets with 2 guns each)14 x QF 4-inch Mk XVI anti-aircraft guns24 x QF 2-pdr anti-aircraft guns20 x 0.5-inch Vickers machine guns5 x 20-barrel Unrotated Projectile mounts2 x 21-inch torpedo tubes Aircraft (after 1931) 1 aircraft using 1 catapult (1929-1932) HMS Hood - Design Construction: Laid down at John Brown Company of Clydebank on September 1, 1916, HMS Hood was an Admiral-class battlecruiser. This design originated as an improved version of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships but was converted early on to a battlecruiser to replace losses sustained at the Battle of Jutland and to counter new German battlecruiser construction. Originally intended as a four-ship class, work on three was halted due to other priorities during World War I. As a result, Hood was the only Admiral-class battlecruiser to be completed. The new ship entered the water on August 22, 1918, and was named for Admiral Samuel Hood. Work continued over the next two years and the ship entered commission on May 15, 1920. A sleek, attractive ship, Hoods design was centered on a battery of eight 15 guns mounted in four twin turrets. These were initially supplemented by twelve 5.5 guns and four 1 guns. Over the course of its career, Hoods secondary armament was enlarged and altered to meet the needs of the day. Capable of 31 knots in 1920, some considered Hood to be a fast battleship rather than a battlecruiser. HMS Hood - Armor: For protection, Hood originally possessed a similar armor scheme to its predecessors except that its armor was angled outward to increase its relative thickness against shells fired on a low trajectory. In the wake of Jutland, the new ships armor design was thickened though this enhancement added 5,100 tons and reduced the ships top speed. More troublesome, its deck armor remained thin making it vulnerable to plunging fire. In this area, the armor was spread over three decks with the thought that an exploding shell might breach the first deck but would not have the energy to pierce the next two. Though this scheme seemed workable, advances in effective time-delay shells negated this approach as they would penetrate all three decks before exploding. In 1919, testing showed the Hoods armor configuration was flawed and plans were made to thicken the deck protection over key areas of the vessel. After further trials, this additional armor was not added. Protection against torpedoes was provided by a 7.5 deep anti-torpedo bulge which ran nearly the length of the ship. Though not fitted with a catapult, Hood did possess fly off platforms for aircraft atop its B and X turrets. HMS Hood - Operational History: Entering service, Hood was made flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Roger Keyes Battlecruiser Squadron based at Scapa Flow. Later that year, the ship steamed to the Baltic as a deterrent against the Bolsheviks. Returning, Hood spent the next two years in home waters and training in the Mediterranean. In 1923, it accompanied HMS Repulse and several light cruisers on a world cruise. Returning in late 1924, Hood continued in a peacetime role until entering the yard in on May 1, 1929 for a major overhaul. Emerging on March 10, 1931, the ship rejoined the fleet and now possessed an aircraft catapult. In September of that year, Hoods crew was one of many which took part in the Invergordon Mutiny over the reduction of seamans wages. This ended peacefully and the next year saw the battlecruiser travel to the Caribbean. During this voyage the new catapult proved troublesome and it was later removed. Over the next seven years, Hood saw extensive service in European waters as the Royal Navys premier fast capital ship. As the decade neared an end, the ship was due for a major overhaul and modernization similar to those given other World War I-era warships in the Royal Navy. HMS Hood - World War II: Though its machinery was deteriorating, Hoods overhaul was postponed due to the beginning of World War II in September 1939. Hit that month by an aerial bomb, the ship sustained minor damage and soon was employed in the North Atlantic on patrol duties. With the fall of France in mid-1940, Hood was ordered to the Mediterranean and became flagship of Force H. Concerned that the French fleet would fall into German hands, the Admiralty demanded that the French Navy either join with them or stand down. When this ultimatum was refused, Force H attacked the French squadron at Mers-el-Kebir, Algeria on July 8. In the attack, the bulk of the French squadron was put out of action. HMS Hood - Denmark Strait: Returning to the Home Fleet in August, Hood sortied that fall in operations intended to intercept the pocket battleship and heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. In January 1941, Hood entered the yard for a minor refit, but the naval situation prevented the major overhaul that was needed. Emerging, Hood remained in increasingly poor condition. After patrolling the Bay of Biscay, the battlecruiser was ordered north in late April after the Admiralty learned that the new German battleship Bismarck had sailed. Putting into Scapa Flow on May 6, Hood departed later that month with the new battleship HMS Prince of Wales to pursue Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. Commanded by Vice Admiral Lancelot Holland, this force located the two German ships on May 23. Attacking the next morning, Hood and Prince of Wales opened the Battle of the Denmark Strait. Engaging the enemy, Hood quickly came under fire and took hits. Approximately eight minutes after the action began, the battlecruiser was hit around the boat deck. Witnesses saw a jet of flame emerge near the mainmast before the ship exploded. Most likely the result of a plunging shot which penetrated the thin deck armor and struck a magazine, the explosion broke Hood in two. Sinking in around three minutes, only three of the ships 1,418-man crew were rescued. Outnumbered, Prince of Wales withdrew from the fight. In the wake of the sinking, many explanations were put forward for the explosion. Recent surveys of the wreck confirm that Hoods after magazines did explode. Selected Sources HMS Hood AssociationPBS: Hunt for the HoodU-boat.net: HMS Hood

SAT Subject Test Dates Guide (2015 and 2016)

SAT Subject Test Dates Guide (2015 and 2016) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We have all the information you need about SAT Subject Test (also known as SAT II) dates in 2015 and 2016. While the SAT Reasoning Test (aka the SAT I)changed dramatically in 2016, the Subject Tests didn't have any large changes in terms of content. The exam dates of the SAT Subject Tests, however, were affected. Read on to find out more! Note: This guide covers 2015-16 only; for the current year's SAT Subject Test dates, click here. SAT Subject Test Dates in 2015 and 2016 First, get familiar with the dates when the SAT Subject Test is offered. The SAT Subject Test is generally administered every time the SAT Reasoning test is, except in March (when, historically, the SAT Subject test has not been offered). You can also look at our SAT Reasoning Test Dates for 2015-2016 here. Test Date Regular Deadline Late Registration Online Score Release October 3, 2015 September 3, 2015 September 22, 2015 October 22, 2015 November 7, 2015 October 9, 2015 October 27, 2015 November 26, 2015 December 5, 2015 November 5, 2015 November 23, 2015 December 24, 2015 January 23, 2016 December 28, 2015 January 12, 2016 February 11, 2016 May 7, 2016 April 8, 2016 April 26, 2016 May 26, 2016 June 4, 2016 May 5, 2016 May 25, 2016 June 23, 2016 Which SAT Subjects Will Be Given on Which Dates? Note that not all subjects are given on all dates. We did a historical analysis over a long period of years and found that the following subjects generally given on all dates. Available All Dates: Literature, United States (US) History, Math Level 1, Math Level 2, Biology E/M, Chemistry, Physics. Two Languages are given on almost all dates. Available All Dates Except November: French Reading Only, Spanish, Reading Only. Finally, a few subjects such as theremaining languages and World History are given on a minority of dates. You can do your own analysis based on the 2014 and 2013 dates yourself. Test Name Oct 3,2015 Nov 7, 2015 Dec 5, 2015 Jan 23, 2016 May 7, 2016 June 4,2016 Literature YES YES YES YES YES YES United States History YES YES YES YES YES YES World History YES YES Math Level 1 YES YES YES YES YES YES Math Level 2 YES YES YES YES YES YES Biology E/M YES YES YES YES YES YES Chemistry YES YES YES YES YES YES Physics YES YES YES YES YES YES Languages: Reading Only French YES YES YES YES YES German YES Modern Hebrew YES Italian YES YES Latin YES YES Spanish YES YES YES YES YES Languages:Reading and Listening Chinese YES French YES German YES Japanese YES Korean YES Spanish YES Chart Locations without a YES are assumed to be NO. How to Plan Which SAT Subject Test Dates to Choose First, I would recommend our general guide to choosing SAT test dates. Yes, it's written for the SAT Reasoning Test (SAT I) but the general principles also apply to the SAT subject tests. There is one additional twist for SAT Subject Tests much more than the SAT itself, the best Subject Test dates are strongly determined by when you're learning and forgetting the material. Unlike the SAT Reasoning Test, where you're probably getting better at reasoning year by year, the SAT Subject Test should be taken during or right after when you're studying the highest level of the subject. For example, if your high school does biology sophomoreyear, and you know you won't study biology again, you probably want to take the June exam of biology, or the September exam at latest. Forgetting information is a real problem! Likewise, if you're taking chemistry junior year, but AP Chemistry senior year, you want to time your SAT Chemistry as late as possible senior year (likely the December of your senior year). Therefore, a good rule of thumb is to take the test as close to the end of your most difficult course in that subject! Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // What's Next? Click here to see the full list of SAT Subject Tests and learn how to choose which tests are best for you. Before you decide when to take your Subject Tests, you should look at our list of colleges that require SAT Subject Tests. If you're trying to avoid difficult SAT Subject Tests, check out this article on the easiest SAT Subject Tests. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Saint Augustine and Friedrich Schleiermacher Research Paper

Saint Augustine and Friedrich Schleiermacher - Research Paper Example This paper will provide biographical examination of Saint Augustine as well as Friedrich Schleiermacher, comparing and contrasting their legacy, analyzing their significance in general and to Christianity in particular. The first prominent figure that will be discussed in this paper is Saint Augustine. This Christian saint was born in the middle of fourth century in the territory of the modern Algeria1. It must be noted that his mother is recognized as a saint, namely Saint Monica, but his father remained to be a pagan until his death, when he finally decided to be baptized. Augustine had a wonderful education, especially in rhetoric which is considered to be the strong part of his individuality; despite this, he was never fluent in Greek, one of the major languages of the time. During his youth, he experienced all the pleasures of life, not being very pious. He also adopted various worldviews, which he later claimed to be false. At the age of thirty he was baptized by his close frie nd Ambrose of Milan and since they became a significant figure in the Christian world. The next individual whose legacy will be examined is Friedrich Schleiermacher. He was born many centuries after Saint Augustine and in a completely different cultural background. He was born in the middle of eighteenth century in Prussia into a family of a Christian pastor2. Quite early Schleiermacher adopted love for religion and was genuinely interested in pursuing this path. However, he always rejected blind faith into dogmas and rebelled against orthodoxy.

Japanese Internment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese Internment - Essay Example Yet these innocent people were removed from their homes and placed in relocation centers, many for the duration of the war (Davis 1982:27). In contrast, between 1942 and 1944, 18 Caucasians were tried for spying for Japan; at least ten were convicted in court (Uyeda 1995:66). 1 When the Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941, United States suspected that the Japanese were getting ready to launch a full-scale attack on the West Coast of the country. Massive searches were conducted to prevent communication with the Japanese ships. By January 2, "the Joint Immigration Committee of the California Legislature sent a manifesto to California newspapers summing up the historical catalogue of charges against the ethnic Japanese, who, said the manifesto, were totally inassimilable. The manifesto declared that all of Japanese descent were loyal to the Emperor, and attacked Japanese language schools as teaching Japanese racial superiority."2 It was feared that this population might commit acts of espionage or sabotage for the Japanese military. By February, "Earl Warren, at the time Attorney General of California, and U.S. Webb, a former Attorney General, were vigorously seeking to persuade the federal government to remove all ethnic Japanese from the west coas t."2 Hence began the Japanese Internment. Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 signed the Executive Order 9066 that allowed military commanders to designate military areas called â€Å"exclusion zones" as per their discretion. They had the right to decide who was a citizen and who was not. Eventually about 1/3 area of the country consisted of such zones, including the East and West Coasts. Some of the typical rules that were passed in these camps were: March 2, 1942: General John L. DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 1, informing all those of Japanese ancestry that they would, at some later point, be subject to exclusion orders from "Military Area No. 1" (the entire Pacific coast to

How might the development of professional learning communities enhance Essay

How might the development of professional learning communities enhance teaching and learning in Design and Technology in the primary school - Essay Example All these characteristics ensure that a professional demonstrates expertise and dominance over his or her trade. Thus, professionalisation became a common trend among different occupations, and one that has received great attention from sociologists (Wueste, 1997). Whilst professionalisation is generally accepted as an important direction among occupations, it has received various criticism coming from different angles. Andrew Abbott’s main critic about the notion of professionalism are particular claims of theorists that â€Å"the evolution of professions are unidirectional; that the development of individual professions does not depend on that of others; that what professions do—the work as well as the requisit expertise—is less important than how they are orgnised to do it; that professions are homogeneous units; and that the process of professionalisation does not change over time† (Wueste, 1997, p. 8). Related to the last element identified by Abbot, another major critcism relies on the manner that professionalism is instituted. A number of occupations have developed higher levels of training and standards of practice to enhance their claims to professional status. However, Wilensky (1964) said that many of the se groups rested on a knowledge base which was either too general and vague, or too narrow. Their knowledge base was weak and not directly used by them. Professionalism is further complicated by copmeting modes of institutionalising expertise, such as commodification and beurocratic organization (Wuestes, 1997). Thus, a more preferred term was used by Etzioni (1969) to classify these occupations: semi-professionals. The field of education has been historically in constant threat of de-professionalisation (Bottery & Wright, 2000), and teachers may be seen as being prime examples of what Etzioni (1969) call as semi-professionals. Much of the issues are traced to how the educational

Small War In The Context Of Law Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small War In The Context Of Law Empire - Essay Example The small war also comprises of campaigns aimed to subdue the existing guerrillas’ warfare and rebellions in different parts of the universe. In these areas, several soldiers and other defense forces have been deployed to fight back the militants or rebels who are cowards and do not have the courage to battle with militaries in open ground or field. Therefore, small war can be said to involve operations that are extremely unreliable and unpredictable as far as their scope and conditions are concerned. In the real sense, small war can be termed as a civil war in a nation or a civil wrong resulting from feuds and conflicts that prevail in a group or between groups in the society. Most of the people perceive small war as a turning point in the establishment of societal values and concepts. The scope of a small war entails organization of soldiers for irregular warfare information that is very valuable and important in defeating the enemy. The military logistics arrangements are e xhaustively dealt with and in detail. These logistic arrangements include communication lines, transport, and the supply system. In respect to strategies and tactics in place, a sketch of the rules, practice and the principles of a small war is established which will govern the conducts of armies while in war operations against the enemies. In small wars, it very significant to learn the varying hostile mode of war to a certain extent and get conversant with the possible war circumstances to prevail in the course of the battle. The military records have proven that the hostile mode of small wars differs from one battle to another. Therefore, a prior war study will help to come up with suitable strategies and tactics that will assume all forms of war. In a small war, the warring sides tend to have contentious issues that range from economic issues to social issues.

Poem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poem analysis - Assignment Example She is a beautiful young woman, but instead of pursuing her dreams, she is dancing and singing as a prostitute. The use of race suggests that her skin color has affected her access to social and economic opportunities. Hughes also connects race to suffering. He mentions that the pianist has â€Å"his ebony hands on each ivory key,† (9), followed by â€Å"[h]e made that poor piano moan with melody† (10). The nearness of these statements implies that the man’s race has something to do with his suffering. He could be experiencing distress because his music cannot have a bigger audience due to his race. He could also be witnessing racism daily that burdens his soul. Besides racial descriptions, these poems have similes that relate to suffering. McKay uses a simile to compare the prostitute’s voice to â€Å"blended flutes† (3). Blended flutes demonstrate the beauty of the woman’s form that is compared to a flute, and the melody of her song that is similar to flute music that can be understood by many people. This simile is important in contrasting the form with the essence of the music, which is no longer blended, but full of pain and sadness. Hughes also uses simile to show that suffering can be performed. If the prostitute can sing and dance and appear like she is in another place, the pianist in Hughes’ poem can also perform, this time with a piano, while he is singing. Hughes says: â€Å"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool† (13). The pianist looks like a musical fool, but at least, he has music to express his sadness that is deep in his soul. He uses music to unload the burdens of his race. Apart from similes, these poems use musical metaphors to describe how music helps express and reduce people’s innermost anxieties. The prostitute of â€Å"The Harlem Dancer† feels like an object that is consumed because her performance is paid through â€Å"coins† and because her

Small War In The Context Of Law Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small War In The Context Of Law Empire - Essay Example The small war also comprises of campaigns aimed to subdue the existing guerrillas’ warfare and rebellions in different parts of the universe. In these areas, several soldiers and other defense forces have been deployed to fight back the militants or rebels who are cowards and do not have the courage to battle with militaries in open ground or field. Therefore, small war can be said to involve operations that are extremely unreliable and unpredictable as far as their scope and conditions are concerned. In the real sense, small war can be termed as a civil war in a nation or a civil wrong resulting from feuds and conflicts that prevail in a group or between groups in the society. Most of the people perceive small war as a turning point in the establishment of societal values and concepts. The scope of a small war entails organization of soldiers for irregular warfare information that is very valuable and important in defeating the enemy. The military logistics arrangements are e xhaustively dealt with and in detail. These logistic arrangements include communication lines, transport, and the supply system. In respect to strategies and tactics in place, a sketch of the rules, practice and the principles of a small war is established which will govern the conducts of armies while in war operations against the enemies. In small wars, it very significant to learn the varying hostile mode of war to a certain extent and get conversant with the possible war circumstances to prevail in the course of the battle. The military records have proven that the hostile mode of small wars differs from one battle to another. Therefore, a prior war study will help to come up with suitable strategies and tactics that will assume all forms of war. In a small war, the warring sides tend to have contentious issues that range from economic issues to social issues.

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Homeland Security - Essay Example is a department created in the United States to help prevent terrorist attacks within the country, this responsibility is similar to emergency department’s role in dealing with terrorism, and thus it is correct to say the two somehow fit together. National Response Framework (NRF) is one of the various parts of the established National Strategy for Homeland Security (Bullock et al, 2013). NRF’s main work is to formulate and present the principles that would help guide the various factions involved in domestic response to terrorist attack or calamities, either man-made or natural. NRF is very essential to the National Incident Management System whose sole task is to develop principles and concepts that assist in the easy management of emergencies (Walsh, 2012). The principles govern the various agencies such as emergency management and homeland established to deal with emergencies. One of the main purpose of these agencies is to help secure the country in the quickest time possible following an emergency. The understanding of the emergency department helps people assume the responsibility of helping fellow citizens in emergency cases. Knowledge of how emergency department works make people cooperate with the government in different

he Wife of Bath, The Miller and The Pardoner Essay Example for Free

he Wife of Bath, The Miller and The Pardoner Essay The fact that he has a wart on his nose makes him seem an ugly person and this is reflected in his personality and the type of story he is likely to tell. He also has a mouth which is described as a greet forneys. This is to indicate that he is a bit of a gossip and full of hot air. It may also be indicative of the hellish language that he uses as a fire is used to heat a furnace and hell is linked to fire. This type of person would have probably been around quite a bit in Chaucers time in the taverns and inns. He may have seen a few going home in the early hours of the morning and heard them telling rude jokes ad stories at the top of their voices. This would have given him the perfect frame for the Miller as most would have been big burley men. The fact he is described as being so ugly may be partly the view that Chaucer has about millers in general and also based on those people that would have been lying drunken in the street. The Miller has a thombe of gold which makes sense as there would only have been one miller to each village which would mean they could charge what they liked for the flour they made because the people would be highly unlikely and unwilling to go to another village in order to try and get a cheaper price. This therefore makes him seem more realistic and less imagined because Chaucer may have been talking about the one in London and using ugly features of others to make the miller appear ugly. He could have done this as a way of partial revenge to the miller for charging so much. The pardoner is described in the most grotesque fashion of all three characters. He has heer as yelow as wex. This is a particularly nasty way of describing someone that it makes the reader really able to envisage what it looks like. Therefore Chaucer must have based this on somebody that he had seen because otherwise he would not thought to have used such an unusual simile. Chaucer goes on to say I trowe he were a gelding or a mare. This is possibly one of the greatest insults in the English language and hence supports the view that he based his characters on real people. Chaucer clearly dislikes the Pardoner otherwise he would not have written about him in such a manner. Chaucer uses irony to describe him because the Pardoner is carrying around fake relics and selling them to poor priests for a months wages. This is against everything that the church and bible stand for. In my opinion Chaucer was using this as a metaphor for his views on the religious system. This is because most of the church at that time had at least a few corrupt members and this was mainly true of the ministers at Rome. Nearer the end of his description Chaucer is seemingly in awe of the pardoner at how well he is able to tell stories and sing. This is because he finds it so amazing that such a dishonest man can stand in a church and praise god and sell pardons which are essentially sinful in themselves as no one has the power to forgive except for God. This type of person may very well have been met by Chaucer at some point in his life and his utter disgust at the man stayed with him forever. This would undoubtedly influenced his decision as to make the pardoner the most disgusting and unscrupulous members of the pilgrimage. In conclusion I believe that Chaucer based his characters on real people as the descriptions are in such depth that it is hard to think he could have just made them up. On the other hand as a Fiction writer he has to be very creative and would want his audience to believe the characters as much as possible. I am of the opinion that no one can imagine something completely new that they have never seen before or at least something close to it in nature or appearance. Therefore even if his attentions were to create complete characters of fiction subconsciously he would have based them on people that he may have seen walking past him in the street. This is unlikely as I feel he would have closely observed different groups and their attitudes very closely in order to get the right appearance and personality that he wanted for his characters.

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Although there were many protests, discussions, writings, and advancements of womens rights dating back to the third century B.C., what is known as the womens movement or feminist movement did not become an organized movement until the mid to late 1800s (11). Three Waves of Feminism A wave metaphor is commonly used to differentiate the three main eras in feminism history. However, the metaphor did not come about until the beginning of the second era. The term Second Wave Feminism was first contrived by Marsha Lear (11) in the late 1960s when women of the Womens Liberation Movement were looking to separate their cause from the movements associated with the first era (1), so the terms first-wave and second-wave were created at the same time. The use of this new terminology also seemed to revive the movement in the public eye after lying dormant for some time. Reference to the third wave began to appear in the mid-1980s as discussions and writings on the relationship of racism to feminism began to appear (11). First Wave Feminism, Mid-1800s to 1920 The First Wave of feminism was the era spanning from the mid-1800s to 1920, mostly in the United States and the United Kingdom. Focus was mainly on legal rights for women, primarily the right to vote. Legalities in the United States and United Kingdom In the United States, the federal constitution originally had no provision for voting rights, so the decision was left to the individual states. (3) Initially, suffrage was granted in some states to tax payers or property owners only. Women did become property owners in some states as early as 1939 (3). However, in the mid-nineteenth century, provisions were also being put in place in most states which expanded enfranchisement to all free adult males only. This left American women with two options to appeal for their rights. They could either appeal to the individual voters in each state to approve legislation, or they could appeal for an amendment to the federal constitution. In Great Britain, women saw three Reform Acts between 1832 and 1884 pass through parliament which all granted suffrage only to men or mens households. (3). The Reform Act of 1832 provided the right to vote to property holding middle class men where it had previously been reserved for aristocracy. The Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 expanded these rights to the male voter within urban and rural households (2) and (5). With these reforms, the British parliament was satisfied that the majority of citizens was represented. British women were now faced with a complex parliamentary process which required that all legislation pass through Parliament three times before it would be considered. Given the contentment of Parliament that the majority was now represented, this would not be an easy task. Industrial Revolution Brings Change Up to the early nineteenth century, women were in the workplace but primarily as teachers and other such roles that were considered appropriate for women. The onset of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to jobs in factories, mines, and shops from which work related issues also sprang. In the US, various independent issues of womens rights had arisen around the nation but not enough to give a voice to all women. It wasnt until the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 that women would have that voice. Seneca Falls Convention 1848 The five women who called for a meeting on July 19th and 20th, 1848 in the small town of Seneca Falls, NY did so out of the frustration of their own experiences. Much to their surprise, they would find the support of 300 people, including at least 40 men, who had come from a 50 mile radius to hear what they had to say. On that first day of the convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton began to read the Declaration of Independence aloud to the audience from which the Declaration of Principles was born. (6) The Declaration of Sentiments or Declaration of Principles would become the foundation of the Womens Movement for decades to come, and from this moment in history, the Womens Movement began to grow. Organizations Born Out of Division The end of the U.S. Civil War brought division among suffrage supporters. In 1869, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed by those who supported enfranchising black males (15th Amendment) and worked at the state level to gain the right to vote. In the same year, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and stood on the platform that all women should be allowed to vote along with black men. This group focused on federal constitutional changes, the message of equality in general, and primarily a feminist agenda. In 1890, these two groups were combined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) with Stanton as its leader. (3) The British movement started around the time of the Second Reform Act. Parliament Member John Stuart Mill made two attempts to ratify the voting rights. In the first attempt, he brought a petition signed by 1500 women to the House of Commons. In the second attempt, he proposed that the wording of the Reform Bill of 1867 be changed to include people instead of men. Although both attempts failed, these acts became the catalyst for the creation of several womens committees. As was the case in America, British women were divided on how best to approach the issue of enfranchisement. Northern suffragists were more interested in getting back to basics and campaigning for the cause where London-based suffragists were more interested in strategies of parliament. Some believed in a more gradual approach by suggesting, for example, to start by allowing only unmarried women to vote. While others believed that this type of approach only served to punish those women who were not included. By the e nd of the century, most of these organizations became part of the umbrella group known as the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) centralized under the leadership of Millicent Garrett Fawcett who was also one of the originators of the first womens organization in Manchester.(3) End of a Century to the Start of WWI The period between the end of the nineteenth century and the start of World War I saw limited movement in womens rights. This gave women on both sides of the ocean the opportunity to form a kinship in their cause through visiting and writing one another about their disappointments and setbacks. The frustration that ensued from the continued delays also gave rise to a more extreme group that would later be known as the Suffragettes. Extremist Movements The term Suffragette was first used as a derogatory term to describe a radical splinter group within the British womens suffrage movement, lead by Emmeline Pankhurst, called the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) (7). Theirs was a group which had resorted to breaking windows and harassment to gain attention for the cause. They would later resort to more militant style acts such as bombings and arson. As these women were imprisoned for their law breaking tactics, many of the suffragettes would participate in self-imposed hunger strikes. Initially, the government chose to force-feed the women, but this only served to gain public support for the WSPU. In 1913, Parliament implemented the Cat and Mouse Act which allowed for temporary release of the hunger strikers who would then be jailed again upon their recovery. (7) However, reincarcerating these women proved to be difficult and again raised further public support for the cause. One of the most famous acts by a Suffragette occurr ed at the Epsom Derby in 1913. Emily Davison stepped in front of King George Vs horse and was trampeled in the middle of the race. She would die from her injuries four days later. (7) American supporters of the womens suffrage movement chose not to use the term Suffragette primarily because of the negative connotation that came with the term. Alternatively, they chose to use the term suffragists which was more generic and also could be used by male and female supporters of the womens suffrage movement. After World War I The onset of World War I delayed the womens suffrage movement in both nations as supporters turned their attention to the war efforts. However, this short term concession would lead to long term rewards. In 1917, six states in the U.S. granted women the right to vote in primaries and in municipal and presidential elections. (8) The momentum was building. In 1920, Tennessee would be the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment that gives American women the voting rights that we invoke today. Second Wave Feminism, 1960s through late 1970s In the United States, women began to become concern about the issue of womens liberation which occurred in the late 1960s. They were disappointed with the secondary status given to womens issues on the left and emboldened by the black power rhetoric that had emerged from the civil rights movement; these women decided that its the time for them to take care of their own issues and goals to be heard and show their political concerns. For many of women involved in this movement, the idea those women could work together in the name of women seemed new, exciting, and without much historical precedent. From their perspective, the earlier womens movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seemed removed and without much relevance to the lives and politics of the new breed of feminists. While many women were certainly aware that a womens movement had existed in the previous century, they looked instead towards the New Left and civil rights movements of the 1960s as the forerunne rs to their feminism (m). Second Wave Feminism began in 1960s through 1990s which actually started with the protest against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City in 1968 and 1969. Compared with the First Wave, the Second Wave was more focused in the anti-war and civil rights movements and the growing self-consciousness of a variety of minority groups around the world. The New Left was on the rise, and the voice of the second wave was increasingly radical. During this period, sexuality and reproductive rights were dominant issues, and much of the movements energy was focused on passing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and guaranteeing social equality regardless of sex (a). Second Wave Movement in the USA emphasized on three different movements: Womens movement, Feminist movement, Womens Liberation Movement. Feminists viewed the second wave era as ending with the intra-feminism dispute Feminist Sex War over issues such as sexuality and pornography. The Second-Wave Feminism title was coined by Marsha Lear when women of the 1960s sought to connect their ideas to those as reasonable, and by then noncontroversial, as the right to vote; second wave implied that the first wave of feminism ended in the 1920s. The labels first wave and second wave, then, were created at the same time as a way of negotiating feminist space. These terms gave activist women of the late 60s the double-rhetorical advantage of cultivating new ideas while simultaneously rooting them in older, more established ground. Identifying itself as the second wave revived the movement for the public after seeming to lie dormant for some time. Second wavers are often applauded for paying homage to and drawing from the work of first-wave women, as well they should be. But they did so for reasons far beyond a sense of patriotic duty to honor their fore sisters. The second-wave attention to womens rights, and more importantly, to womens liberation, emerged seemingly out of nowhere and needed to reestablish itself as neither particularly new nor fleeting. The labeling that linked the two periods of feminist movement was a rhetorical strategy that helped give clout to 60s womens activism and positioned it as a further evolution of earlier and larger movement. In 1963, Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique spoke volumes about the lives that middle-and upper middle-class women were leading. Her arguments affirmed their malaise and motivated them to cure it by moving out of private and into public space, where no such malaise plagued men (n). Womens Liberation Movement Also known as Second-Wave Feminism, the Womens Liberation Movement (WLM) was a grassroots movement that lasted from approximately 1960 through the early 1980s, seeking for economic, political, and social equality for women in the Americas and Britain. The WLM in Britain is generally considered to have begun in 1969, when a confederation of local groups formed the Womens Liberation Workshop, followed in 1970 by the establishment of the National Womens Coordinating Committee. Feminists articulated four main areas of concerns: equal pay, access to birth controls and abortion, expanding educational opportunity, childcare. The United Nations declared 1975 as the International Year of the Woman and the beginning of a decade for Women (3). Gender Inequality in Laws, Culture, and Politics Industrial feminism doesnt fit into the established categories of American feminist history. There was a popular misconception that feminism was reserved for the middle and upper classes. The four working class women activists, Shavelson, Cohn, Newman and Schneiderman pursued the dream through four strategies that became the blue print for working-class womens activism in 20th century USA (b). By 1960, the size of the female labor force had nearly doubled, now enrolling almost one in three women. The majority of women workers, fully 60 percent, were married, over 40 percent of them were mothers of school-age children, and they most often had secured white-collar rather than industrial jobs. (f). In 1979, a group of smart, strong-willed women, fiercely independent, but recognizing the need for collective action, forged a new organization in New York City, United Tradeswomen (UT). White and black, Hispanic and Asian, UT was also occupationally diverse: Entenmann bakery truck drivers, bridge painters, utility workers, firefighters, and hundreds of skilled trades apprentices. From its inception, UT succeeded in providing a space for women to meet and to talk. The majority of women participating in the organization were experiencing significant hardships at work and meeting up with the resistance within their unions. UT fell apart in 1985 as internal divisions grew and the commitment of the original organizers waned (g). Womens Rights In the US, women have adorned American money since the founding of a new nation. Until 1979, though all women depicted were allegorical representations of republican ideals, such as liberty. The US government created the coin to honor Susan B. Anthony and her efforts to guarantee that American women had the right to vote. The US Mint first released the Anthony dollar on July 2, 1979 in the city in which Anthony resided during her politically active years: Rochester, New York (j). Gender Role and Feminism Historically, gender relations have rarely been linked to war and peace, and sexuality has seldom been a component of national security. But in the global War of Ideas, womens oppression and ideological marginalization are ingredients not to be ignored. Womens particular position with children and overseeing the very first steps of education gives them an incredible potential power to initiate and impact massive intellectual change. Taboos about sexual relations are crumbling worldwide, the vivid contrast between mindsets in free societies and the Taliban-like attitude toward sexual freedom on part of jihadists is playing a part in the psychological conditioning of jihadi violence (h). Reproductive and Abortion Rights (Roe v. Wade) Reproductive rights became one of the biggest concerns besides the unofficial inequalities, official legal inequalities, sexuality, family and the work place. Abortion rights were legalized by the US Supreme Court in 1973 following the case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey where the Court affirmed the abortion right granted in Roe v. Wade while permitting further restrictions (d). The practice of abortion is legal in the United States. This seems simple enough, but just like everything about the abortion conflict, there is no easy way to describe abortion law. The law has many sources constitutions, legislative statutes, administrative regulations, courts decisions and to become an expert on abortion law one would have to become familiar with all of them. The foundation of abortion law is the US Constitution as interpreted by The Supreme Court. Constitutional law does not directly regulate abortion. Rather, it sets limits on the powers of the states and the federal government to regulate abortion. The Court has established this constitutional law of abortion through a series of decisions, called case law, especially Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bol ton, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Roe v. Wade was a challenge to the constitutionality of the criminal law that Texas enacted in the 1850s. The law prohibited anyone to procure or attempt an abortion except, based on medical advice, for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. Doe v. Bolton was a challenge to Georgias 1968 reform that criminalized abortion except when the pregnancy endangered the life of the mother, there was a rave fetal deformity, or the pregnancy was the result of rape. The Georgia reform was very restrictive. In this case the Georgia legislature had added stringent and cumbersome rules including a requirement that the abortion decision must be approved by a committee and the medical judgment must be confirmed by two doctors in addition to the womans own physician. The justices treated the two cases as a single decision, but it is Roe v. Wade that has become the most famous, the symbol for what is right and wrong (depending on your point of view) with abortion law in the United States (o). Discrimination Against Women From international perspective, in the context of a highly authoritarian and theocratic state in Iran, womens rights have been framed within an Islamist normative discourse, not only by religious and state authorities, but also by some advocates of womens rights. Such strategies have attracted considerable controversy, almost since the immediate aftermath of the Iranian revolution in 1979 (i). In honoring the womens right throughout the world, The United Nation has formed a commission to watch the inequality treatments against women. International Womens Day has become an official day on March 8, 2010 (e). Third Wave Feminism, 1990 to Present Third Wave Feminism began around 1990 and continues into today. It arose primarily out of the experiences of Americans born after 1960 who grew up enjoying many of the advantages second wave feminists had to fight to achieve.(9) It is believed that the third wave picks up where the second wave left off and addresses issues such as racism, oppression, body image, gender categories, and sexuality. In 2004, Unilever PLC with its Dove brand soap launched the Campaign for Real Beauty aimed at beauty stereotypes and self-esteem (10). Emphasis on racism during the third-wave can be seen in the Thomas-Hill hearings in 1991 where a white male running for Supreme Court Justice is accused of sexual harassment by a young black woman. The hearings are credited with bringing public awareness to gender discrimination, and Anita Hill is often refered to as the mother of a new wave of gender discrimination awareness by several feminist groups (12). Issues of the third-wave era can have different meaning for different people around the world. Oppression for a business woman in the United States might mean hitting the glass ceiling for that long awaited promotion. In Afghanistan, it would mean gender apartheid; being stripped of basic human rights and even killed simply because they are women. There are many organization available to address feminist issues on local and global levels. http://feministmajority.org/about/index.asp http://www.feministing.com/about.html#aboutFem http://www.now.org/

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje :: Spanish Essays

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje "La palabra—el habla—es la casa del ser. En su morada habita el hombre. Los pensantes y los poetas son los vigilantes de esta morada".—"Carta sobre el humanismo" M. Heidegger (1) "Las palabras son de todos" Eugenio Montale (2) RESUMEN: Advià ©rtase que no es caprichosa la eleccià ³n de los acà ¡pites que guiarà ¡n el presente trabajo. Ambos, expresan un sentido de verdad respecto de sus propias disciplinas: la filosofà ­a y la poesà ­a, materias singularmente destacadas por M. Heidegger en cuanto a la custodia del instrumento mà ¡s valioso en poder el hombre. Instrumento, herramienta, morada, condensados en la palabra humana que, a su vez, es propiedad de todos segà ºn Montale. La brevedad de las pà ¡ginas que seguirà ¡n intentarà ¡n enforcar los problemas de la comunicacià ³n desde el lenguaje, la filosofà ­a y la literatura, no sà ³lo como hilo conductor para desarrollar el tema, sino como tributo que se rinde a quienes pasaron su vida inmersos en tales problemas, dedicados a resolverlos y a ahorrar al resto de la humanidad las consecuencias à ­ntimas y externas de ese debatirse. Paul Valery nos advirtià ³ que dos abismos no cesan de amenazar al hombre: el orden y el desorden. En la prolongada lucha por alcanzar un digno medio entre ambas catà ¡strofes, la comunicacià ³n—como vehà ­culo universal de intercambio entre los habitantes de nuestro planeta— juega un papel de fundamental importancia: la de poner la casa en orden, por lo menos relativo, para que esa morada sea habitada, Vivida, con decoro. Lamentablemente, prolongados perà ­odos histà ³ricos, se caracterizan por ignorar la sabia advertencia de Heidegger en cuanto a los custodios del habla (poetas y pensadores) quienes no sà ³lo son ignorados sino sencilla y fatalmente barridos de la faz de la tierra o silenciados de modo drà ¡stico para que la comunicacià ³n humana no adquiera sino una babà ©lica confusià ³n proclive a envolver en ella a los hombres y sus conductas. Ordenar la morada heideggeriana sin descuidar su calidez, sin abandonar una à ©tica que partiendo de la palabra misma se continà ºe en los actos, implica un ciclà ³peo trabajo que deberà ¡ asumirse hasta el fin de los tiempos, pues el hombre finito aspira a la infinitud de cierta perfeccià ³n diacrà ³nica. Si el hombre mora en el habla y las palabras son de todos, ello requerirà ¡ no una seleccià ³n, no una plà ©yade de pensadores y poetas, sino toda una humanidad capaz de superar sus propios peligros y de comunicarse en cà ³digos limpios y fà ¡cilmente interpretables.

Shoeless Joe :: essays research papers

1. KINSELLA, W. P. Shoeless Joe. Ballantine books: New York: 1982 2. The story starts when Ray Kinsella, the main character, is talking about his hero Shoeless Joe Jackson who once played left field in baseball. When Ray went to the ball park he was hearing, in his head, the voice of the announcer that was saying â€Å" If you build it, he will come.† Ray started building his dream ball park in his cornfield. He remembered the last time Joe played major league baseball in 1920 and then he was suspended for life, along with seven of his compatriots, for his part in throwing the 1919 World Series. Ray was always sitting in the left field bleachers. After a couple of games were played at the ball park, Shoeless Joe told Ray to start a new league. Joe was going to call up all of his compatriots to play ball. Ray said he would find a friend that never made it to the major league. Ray had travelled to Iowa city to get his friend J.D. Salinger who then went to Fenway park with him. Three weeks later Ray came home, J.D. came with him. J.D. was very impressed when he saw the park. Now, Ray had the best team in the new league. 3. The significance of the title is that Shoeless Joe was one of the greatest baseball players of all times. Shoeless Joe became a symbol of the powerful over the powerless. Shoeless Joe did not play with running shoes because he could not find a small shoe size to fit him. That is why he wears the name Shoeless Joe. 4. The first impression I get from the main character, Ray Kinsella, is that he is a man who loves baseball. He lives for it. He is a great father and husband. He plays ball with his family and he brings them to ball games. He likes to dream. He could sit all day long and dream. He also likes to improve the things that he loves to build. He worked hard at making a better baseball park. 5. Ray’s character does not really have a big transformation. He has to travel to Iowa to see if he could bring his friend to play ball. I think that he displayed some courage. I would not have the courage to do what he did. He is a person that believes in himself.

QCF Level 2 Health and Social Care Diploma Group A: Mandatory Units Knowledge Workbook Essay

Identify the different reasons people communicate. People communicate to express needs,feelings,ideas,ask questions,share experiences Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work Effective communication helps to understand client’s needs Explain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating with them see more:describe the components of a personal development plan Because I can know from the reactions how the person feels(happy,pain),if the person understand what I am trying to say,if the person is interested in conversation SHC022 Introduction to personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Understand what is required for competence in own work role (1.2,1.3) Identify standards that influence the way the role is carried out This standarts are including in health and safety act 1974,Moving and Hnadling Guidelines,Hasawa,Riddor,Coshh Describe ways to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work. Treat everyone equaly)no difference in sex,religion,race†¦) Be able to reflect on own work activities (2.1) Explain why reflecting on practice is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice. Reflecting on practise helps me to see what I am doing good,where(in which areas)I need advice or more training Be able to agree a personal development plan (3.1, 3.2) Identify sources of support for own learning and development. -Selfeducation (internet,books) -Meetings with supervisor and more training Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be involved. In personal development plan should be involved suprvisor and I. For this plan I have to know what I want to learn,what my targets are and update with supervisor to see how big progress I’ve done and what needs to be changed Professional discussion with Assessor on SHC022 Candidate signature Assessor signature SHC023 Introduction to equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Understand the importance of equality and inclusion (1.1,1.2,1.3) Explain what is meant by: a) diversity =diference(that everyone is unique and different) b) equality =treat the people on same way(and treating people in way appropriate to their needs) c) inclusion =including(inclusion is about giving a fair chance to be included without discrimination) d) discrimination =wrong judgement based on sex,religion,rase,disability†¦ (leave someone out of the team because of judgement) Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work setting. For example: -bus driver won’t let wheelchair user and carer into the bus because he doesn’t want to make ready the ramp for wheelchair -carer and clien’t will be different religion and client will celebrate own festive days(of religion) but won’t allow carer do celebrate hers/his religion festive days Explain how practices that support equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination. Be example-to show the public right attidude towards discrimination (for example support wheelchair user who’s discriminated by refusing enter into bus) Be able to work in an inclusive way (2.1, 2.3) Identify legislation, codes of practice and organisational polices and procedures (where these exist) relating to equality, diversity, discrimination and rights in own role. -Disability Discrimination Act -Human Rights Act 1998 -Employment equality regulations 2003 -Special education need and disability act 2000 -The sex discrimination Act 1975 Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change. action=do something when I see discrimination and not to ignore it question it=ask why and discus it Be able to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion (3.1) Describe situations in which additional information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion may be needed. There’s different methods of obtaining information on diversity,equality and inclusion. -goverment web site (list of all current legislations to protect the rights of individuals -age UK group (can supply materials to hand out to client ) I may need this informations to help client who is seeking advise on particular subject or if I am trying to obtain information in order to support client SHC024 Introduction to duty of care in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Understand the meaning of duty of care (1.1, 1.2) Define the term ‘duty of care’ Duty of care is responsibility towards the person I look after(in meaning to keep the person safe and away from harm) Describe how the duty of care affects own work. Duty of care means it is my part of my job to keep me and my client safe so I am following all security rules to keep everything safe and if there’s any new changes ,training or update I follow the new rules Understand support available for addressing dilemmas that may arise about duty of care (2.1, 2.2) Describe dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights. The client knows what she/he is doing.It’s client’s right to decide about own life even if I disagree with client’s choise and I have to respect that (for example what is healthy to eat,what activities client wants to do†¦) Explain where to get additional support and advice about how to resolve such dilemmas. I am seeking support and advice from my supervisor or from office. Way how to avoid conflicts because of this dilemmas is to make sure individual is aware of the consequences Know how to respond to complaints (3.1, 3.2) Describe how to respond to complaints -respond the complaining asap -acknowledge mistake -speak about different views on what happened -explaining situation for both sides and appology Identify the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints -recorded and documented procedure -complaint is listened to and respected -procedure is clear -it may have formal and informal options HSC024 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care Know how to recognise signs of abuse ( 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) Define the following types of abuse: a) Physical abuse -if someone physicaly harm other person b) Sexual abuse -forcing into unwanted sex contact c) Emotional/psychological abuse -†doing harm with words† -if someone behave on way that emotionally attack other person d) Financial abuse -using person’s money,property or other valuable things without this persnon’s knowing(unauthorised,illegal use) e) Institutional abuse -abuse happening in care homes,hospitals†¦can be any or combination of these:discriminatory abuse,financial,neglect,physical,emotional,sexual abuse f) Self neglect -when person neglect ownself(basic needs,personal hygiene) g) Neglect by others -passive for of abuse(for example carer should provide care for client but carer doesn’t give client an adequate care†¦do not change dirty linen,catheters) Identify the signs and /symptoms associated with each type of abuse. -physical:brurses,scratches,change behavior -sexual:brurses,scratches in genital area,change behaviour -emotinal:changing behaviour -financial:the affected person doesn’t know where are the money dissapearing -neglect:affected person will shown lacl of personal hygiene,health problems,dirthy cloths Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. -if the individual has comunication difficulties,is socialy isolated,is depended on other person’s help Know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse (2.1, 2.2, 2.3) Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused. I have professional duty to report any wetnessed or suspected abuse to my supervisor or to the office.this information is refered to social services and it musst be assessed Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused. -let the person speak -ask open questions(those where is no possible to answer yes or no) -don’t ask leading questions -take every allegattion seriously -contact and inform supervisor and office Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. -make a written record of conversation(date,time on it) -ensure written records are kept in safe place(bills,letters,medication records,bank statements) -record any physical signs of abuse on body(bruising,cuts) -not tidy anything up(wait for police) Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4,) Identify national polices and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse. -human rights act 1998 -equality act 2000 -social services Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. -work together to prevent and protect adults from risk of abuse -support people to make their own choises -investigated actual or suspected abuse and neglect Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. For example: -if I am witness of abuse and I wont report it -if agency will get report of abuse from carer and won’t take an adequate acction -if I as a witness of active abuse call police and the police won’t show up Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. Supervisor-safe guarding courses local safe guarding team-social services independent safeguarding authority Understand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse (4.1, 4.2) Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: a) working with person centred values -encourage in contact with community,support to build up self confidence b) encouraging active participation -coopretaion with organization for disabled people(be part of disabled comunity) c) promoting choice and rights -by supporting with choises(places where to go for trips),accept the individual’s right for own decision but supporting to make sure client is safe Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. Know how to recognise and report unsafe practices ( 5.1, 5.2, 5.3) Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of individuals -not safe practise during moving and handling -incorect use of equipment -not disposing of waste properly Explain the actions to take id unsure practices have been identified. -inform supervisor -write records of what is wrong + guidence Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response. Keep reporting in case of abuse(report to supervisor,office again) call police(as nothing has been done foe change and the situaton may cause harm of client)

Citizens for Democracy

A democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving free elections that are periodically held. The necessary moral and intellectual characteristics the citizens of a democracy must possess for the survival and the prosperity of such a form of government include: respect for laws, respect for rights, respect for authority, equal mental worth, and opportunity for all citizens. Some other scholars have argued another notion pertaining to the success of a democracy. Those scholars have suggested the presence of certain economic conditions is necessary for a democracy to continue to exist and to flourish. A democracy will go as far as the citizens of that democracy will take it. Therefore, the moral and intellectual characteristics that those citizens possess are pivotal. Moral characteristics are those in which help the citizens set a standard of what is right and good for the country. These include respect for laws, rights, and authority. The citizens must respect the laws for many reasons, mainly for fear of punishment that usually entails a loss of freedom. The citizens must also have a respect for the rights they and others have. This gives each citizen a sense of equality to one and other, they all have the same rights under the law, which allows freedom to be put into action. Besides these characteristics, the citizens of a democracy must have a respect for authority. Those in authority are the ones protecting the laws and the rights of the citizens. If the citizens value their freedom and liberty, then they must respect the protectors of those freedoms and liberties. Intellectual characteristics are necessary because the citizen's ability for rational or intelligent thought adds to the prosperity of the democracy. The citizens must be able to, as Tocqueville states, â€Å"educate democracy; to put, if possible, new life into its beliefs; to purify its mores; to control its actions; gradually to substitute understanding of statecraft for present inexperience and knowledge of its true interest for blind instincts; to adapt government to the needs of time and place; and to modify it as men and circumstances require. The citizens of a democracy must see each other as having equal mental worth. All citizens should understand that the opportunity for education should be present. But, the amount of education should not be what is most important: the citizens must understand it's what you do with the education that matters most. Intellectually everyone is different; some are more educated than others, and others less. The citizens must have the insight to understand that everyone is equal under the law and in the rights that are bestowed upon them. These characteristics are all very important to the survival of a democracy. Theodore Roosevelt explains this best when he stated, â€Å"A democracy must consist of men who are intellectually, morally, and materially fit to be their own masters. † There are, however, other scholars who believe that certain economic conditions must be also present for the continued survivability of a democracy. The characteristics of the citizens are very important to the success of a democracy, but groups of people known as progressives, believe that economic situations in a democracy play just as important of a role. The economic situation that they claim is needed is economic equality. As Franklin Roosevelt, a progressive and former President of the United States, stated, â€Å"Our government, formal and informal, political and economic, owes to everyone an avenue to possess himself of a portion of that plenty sufficient for his needs, through his own work. † It is the government's responsibility to ensure economic equality to all citizens, which is important, because, the prosperity of a democracy depends on the prosperity of its citizens. Theodore Roosevelt, another progressive and President, furthers this notion by contending, â€Å"there is no point in having prosperity unless there can be an equitable division of prosperity. † This must therefore be extended to economics: for the democracy to move forward and provide for its citizens, the citizens themselves must have the economic stability. If there were not an equal distribution of prosperity, in the economic sense, the government would have to create programs to â€Å"level the playing field. Examples of these programs are welfare and affirmative action. While these programs are different, they have the same purpose: to help those in need which would, in turn, level the playing field. A democracy is faced with many challenges that it must be able to adjust to, including the economic growth of its citizens and the security of that growth. L. B. Johnson stated, â€Å"The challenge of the next half of the century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. Therefore, for a democracy to survive, that democracy and the citizens of the democracy must have the ability to move forward and shape their own future to assure prosperity and survival. This is the link between the economic and the political. In conclusion, the citizens of a democracy must possess for it to succeed and survive. Others believe economic conditions affect the prosperity of a democracy. While there are other characteristics that generally impact a democracy, the ones explained are seen as the most important.